1. Western Migration, Industrialization, Urbanization, and Immigration
Describe the westward growth of the United States, including the emerging concept of Manifest Destiny leading to conflict with Native Americans.
Describe the impact of the railroads in the development of the West, including the transcontinental railroad, and the use of Chinese labor,
Describe the growth of the western population and its impact on Native Americans with reference to Sitting Bull and Wounded Knee,
Examine the problems of American farmers, solutions offered by populism in the late 19th Century and identify the major goals and achievements of the reformers

2. The New Industrial Age 1876 - 1900

3. Economic Wheel Hands OFF v. Hands ON BAD Slow Less Jobs
Less Opportunity
GOOD
Fast
More Jobs
More Opportunity
Hands OFF v. Hands ON

4. Chapter 15 READING SHEETS
Chapter 15 Immigrants and Urbanization
Section 1: The New immigrants
Between 1870 and 1920, approximately _____ million Europeans arrived in the United States. Before 1890, most had come from countries in western and northern Europe. However, increasing numbers began to come from __________ and ________________ Europe. In 1907 alone, about a million arrived from Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Russia. Many left to escape religious persecution (whole villages of Jews were driven out of Russia under Pogroms) and others left because of rising population which resulted in scarcity of land and jobs.
________________ immigrants will arrive on the west coast in smaller numbers. Between 1851 and 1883 _________ arrived. Many came to seek fortunes after the discovery of Gold in California. They helped build the __________, they turned to farming, mining, domestic services and business, although Chinese immigration was sharply limited by a ____________________________ in In 1884, the Japanese government allowed _______________ planters to recruit Japanese workers.

5. Industrialization, Urbanization, and Immigration
Analyze important consequences of American industrial growth.
Identify the Knights of Labor, American Federation of Labor, and Samuel Gompers,
Describe the Homestead Strike, Haymarket Square, and the 1894 Pullman strike as examples of industrial unrest,
Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrants' origins to southern and eastern Europe, and the impact of this change on urban America,
Explain the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and anti-Asian immigration sentiment on the West Coast,
Evaluate the effects of increased urbanization, including overcrowding, pollution, poverty, crime, but also, improvement in quality of life due to the availability of resources,

6. Ch. 14 the New Industrial Age
“Big Business & Labor”
Andrew Carnegie
Vertical Integration
Horizontal Integration
Social Darwinism
John D. Rockefeller
Robber Barons
Standard Oil
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
Working Conditions-Unions
American Federation of Labor
Samuel Gompers
Industrial Unionism
Eugene Debs
Socialism / Communism
Haymarket Affair
Homestead Strike
Pullman Strike
Mother Jones (Miners)
Pauline Newman garment workers
Ch. 14 the New Industrial Age
“The Expansion of Industry”
Edwin L. Drake
Bessemer Process
Thomas Alva Edison
Alexander Graham Bell
Christopher Sholes
“The Age of Railroads”
Transcontinental Railroad
Central Pacific – Union Pacific
George Pullman
Credit Mobilier Scandal
Granger Laws (Munn v. Illinois)
Interstate Commerce Act in 1887

7. Industrialization, Urbanization, Immigration
Describe the economic, social and geographic impact of the growth of big business and technological innovations in the United States after Reconstruction.
Describe technological inventions, such as the telephone, automobile, airplane, and Thomas Edison's electric light bulb and phonograph, and their impact on American life
Explain the importance of the growing economic disparity between the North and South through an examination of population, functioning railroads, and industrial output
Explain the impact of the railroads on industries, such as steel, and on the organization of big business,
Identify John D. Rockefeller, Sr. and the Standard Oil Company, Andrew Carnegie and Carnegie Steel, and the rise of trusts and monopolies, to include horizontal and vertical integration,
Identify the Knights of Labor, American Federation of Labor, and Samuel Gompers,
Describe the Homestead Strike, Haymarket Square, and the 1894 Pullman strike as examples of industrial unrest,

8. Capitalist Ideas
In the early 1800s, the middle-class owners of railroads, factories, and mines began supporting laissez-faire economics 
They believed that freedom from government controls would mean a growing economy with material progress for all people.

9. Adam Smith
Industrial leaders relied on the ideas of Adam Smith, a Scottish economist who set down the workings of a laissez-faire economy. 
In The Wealth of Nations (1776), Smith stated that an economy works best when the natural forces of supply and demand operate without government interference.

10. As the Industrial Revolution gathered momentum and spread throughout the world, Smith’s ideas profoundly influenced economic thought and practice.
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11. GROWTH IN AMERICA
CAUSES
EFFECTS

12. ( TECHNOLOGY = Science applied to Business )
the wealth of nation is based upon (equation)
1-NATURAL RESOURCES, Oil, Coal, Iron, Water
2-GOVERNMENT support for business development
a growing URBAN population that provided CHEAP LABOR and
4-NEW markets for selling
5- new PRODUCTS.
*New Markets = Growth = New Jobs*

13. The New Industrial Age 1876 - 1900

14. ( TECHNOLOGY = Science applied to Business )
Telephone (Alexander Graham Bell) American Telegraph & Telephone
Electric Power Thomas A. Edison (Light Bulb)
(Central Power Station) Westinghouse-Alternating Current
Impact of Electricity on daily life
Bessemer Process (STEEL) mass production : easier, cheaper
Impact on New Products / New Lifestyles

15. *New Markets = Growth = New Jobs*
By the 1920’s, the United States have become the leading INDUSTRIAL power in the world. This immense industrial boom was due to:
the wealth of nation is based upon (equation)
1-NATURAL RESOURCES, Oil, Coal, Iron, Water
2-GOVERNMENT support for business development
a growing URBAN population that provided CHEAP LABOR and
4-NEW markets for selling 5- new PRODUCTS.
*New Markets = Growth = New Jobs*
In 1859, EDWIN L. DRAKE successfully used a steam engine to drill for OIL in Titusville, PA.
This breakthrough started an OIL boom. GASOLINE, a byproduct of the refining process, was originally thrown away, but after automobiles became popular, it became the most important part of oil.

16. In 1887, prospectors discovered IRON ORE deposits more than 100 miles long and up to 3 miles wide in the Mesabi Range in MINNESOTA. At the same time, COAL production skyrocketed from 33 million tons to more than 250 million tons.
IRON is a dense metal, but is soft and tends to break down and rust. Removing the carbon produces lighter, more flexible and rust resistant metal - STEEL. All that was needed was make it more readily available was a CHEAP manufacturing process.
The BESSEMER process was developed by British manufacturer HENRY BESSEMER and American ironmaker WILLIAM KELLY in In this age of rapid change and INNOVATION, even this process was bettered in the 1860’s.
It was eventually replaced by the OPEN-HEARTH process, allowing manufacturers to produce quality steel from SCRAP METAL as well as raw materials.

17. The RAILROAD with thousands of miles of track became the biggest customer for steel, but inventors soon found new uses for it.
JOSEPH GLIDDEN’S barbed wire and McCORMICK and DEERE’S farm machines helped transform the plains into the food producer of the world.
1 of the most remarkable structures was the BROOKLYN BRIDGE. Completed in 1883, it spanned 1,595 feet of the East River in NY City.
WILLIAM BARON JENNY will design the first skyscraper. With a steel frame to support the weight, however, architects could build as high as they wanted.

18. In 1876, THOMAS ALVA EDISON became a pioneer on the new INDUSTRIAL frontier when he established the world’s first research laboratory in MENLO PARK, NJ.
There he perfected the INCANDECENT LIGHT BULB - patented in 1880 and later an entire system for producing and distributing ELECTRICAL POWER.
Another inventor GEORGE WESTINGHOUSE along with Edison, added innovations that made ELECTRICITY safer and less expensive.
AC-DC (Alternating Current v. Direct Current)

19. This harnessing changed the nature of business in America
This harnessing changed the nature of business in America. By 1890, ELECTRICITY ran numerous machines. This inexpensive convenient source of energy soon became available in homes and spurred the invention of TIME-SAVING APPLIANCES.
ELECTRIC STREET CARS made urban travel cheap and efficient and also promoted the outward growth of cities.
It also allowed manufacturers to locate their plants WHEREVER THEY WANTED, which allowed industry to grow like never before.

20. CHRISTOPHER SHOLES invented the typewriter in 1867 and changed the world of work. Next to the light bulb, however, perhaps the most dramatic invention was the TELEPHONE unveiled by Thomas Watson and ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL in 1876.
It opened the way for worldwide communication. These inventions also affected office work and created new jobs for women. Although women made up less than (FIVE) 5 % of all office workers in 1870, by 1870 they accounted for nearly 40% of clerical workers.

21. It also impacted on factory work
It also impacted on factory work. Women had previously sewn clothing BY HAND, but with industrialization clothing will be MASS-PRODUCED in factories, creating a need for garment workers, many of whom will be women.
The county’s expanding urban population provided a vast potential for new INVENTIONS and products of the late 1880’s.

22. By 1856, railroads extended west to MISSISSIPPI, and three years later they crossed the MISSOURI River. Just over a decade later, the CENTRAL PACIFIC & UNION PACIFIC met at PROMONTORY POINT Utah on May, 10, 1869.
A GOLDEN SPIKE marked the spanning of the nation by the first TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD. The railroads brought the dream of available land, adventure and a fresh start for many Americans, made possible by the harsh lives of railroad workers.
The CENTRAL PACIFIC will employ thousands of Chinese immigrants, while the UNION PACIFIC employed thousands of Irish immigrants, out of work Civil War veterans to lay tracks across the treacherous terrain.

23. Though linked in space, each community still operated on it’s own time
Though linked in space, each community still operated on it’s own time. In 1869, to remedy this problem, C. F. DOWD proposed that the earth’s surface by divided into 24 time zones, one for each hour of the day.
Under this plan, the United States would contain FOUR (4) zones, EASTERN, CENTRAL, MOUNTAIN, PACIFIC. Finally on November 18, 1883, railroad crews and towns across the country synchronized their watches.

24. In 1884 an international conference set worldwide time zones
In 1884 an international conference set worldwide time zones. The rapid growth of railroad line also fostered the growth of TOWNS, helped establish NEW MARKETS, and offered rich opportunities for both visionaries and profiteers.
As a part of a nationwide network of supplies and markets, individual towns began to SPECIALIZE in particular products.
CHICAGO soon became known for its stockyards and MINNEAPOLIS for its grain industries.

25. In 1880, GEORGE PULLMAN built a factory for manufacturing sleepers and railroad cars on the Illinois prairie. Pullman created his company town out of the desire for control and profit. In some other railroad magnates, these desires turned into self-serving corruption.
In one of the most infamous schemes, stockholders in the UNION PACIFIC R.R. formed, in 1864 a construction company called CREDIT MOBLIER. A congressional investigation of the company eventually found that the officers had taken up to $23 million in stocks, bonds and cash.

26. Farmers were especially affected by corruption in the railroads
Farmers were especially affected by corruption in the railroads. The GRANGERS - members of a farmers’ organization founded in 1867 – began demanding governmental control over the railroad industry.
In response to these abuses by the railroads, the GRANGERS took political action. They sponsored state and political candidates, elected legislators, and successfully pressed for laws to protect their interests.

27. In 1877, in the case of MUNN v. ILLINOIS, the Supreme Court upheld the Granger laws by a vote of 7-2, that “established maximum freight and passenger rates and prohibited discrimination”.
In 1886,the Supreme Court, however, will rule that a state could not set rates on interstate commerce, Congress passed the INTERSTATE COMMERCE ACT in 1887.
This act reestablished the right of the federal government to supervise railroad activities and established a FIVE (5) member Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)

28. Section 3 “Big Business and Labor”
Andrew CARNEGIE rise from rags to riches, along with his passion for supporting charities made him a model of the American success story. He entered the STEEL business in 1873 after touring a British steel mill and witnessing the awesome spectacle of the Bessemer process in Action.
His success was due in part to management practices that he initiated and that soon became widespread. First, he continually searched for ways to make better products more CHEAPLY Second, he attracted talented people by offering them STOCK in his company.

29. He will attempt to control as much of the steel industry as possible by maintaining VERTICAL INTEGRATION, a process in which he bought out his suppliers – coal fields, iron mines, ore freighters and railroad lines – in order to the raw materials and transportation systems.
He also attempted to buy out competing steel producers. This process of HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION companies producing similar products merge. By the time he sold his business in 1902, his company produced by far the largest portion of the nation’s steel.