1. Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reservedStrangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

2. Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved SOCIOHISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Most ethnohistorians place the number of Native Americans who lived in what later became known as the U.S. before European colonization at between 6 and 10 million In 1492 approximately 300 different Native American languages were spoken

3. Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved SOCIOHISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE At present, there are 326 Native American reservations, and the Bureau of Indian Affairs recognizes 564 different tribal entities in the United States

4. Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved CHANGES IN GOVERNMENT POLICY Indian Removal Act (1830) This act called for the expulsion of all Native Americans from southeastern states and their relocation to the territory west of the Mississippi Combining two Supreme Court cases (1832), the court ruled that the Cherokee were a “domestic dependent nation ”

5. Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved CHANGES IN GOVERNMENT POLICY In 1871 a rider on an appropriations bill ended federal recognition of Native American tribes as independent or as “domestic dependent nations” and made them wards of the government

6. Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved CHANGES IN GOVERNMENT POLICY Indian Reorganization Act (1934) Ended the land-allotment program, encouraged tribal self-government, extended financial credit to the tribes, gave preference in BIA employment to Native Americans, and permitted consolidation of Native American lands split up through inheritance

7. Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved CHANGES IN GOVERNMENT POLICY From 1953-1954 a series of bills sought to end federal responsibility for welfare and administration of Native Americans From 1977-1990 most tribes that had been terminated had their federal recognition restored, but, in many cases, not their land

8. Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

9. Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved PRESENT-DAY NATIVE AMERICAN LIFE By 2008 the Native American and Alaska native population was 2.4 million (for those claiming only single race identity; 4.5 for two or more identities) The Native American birth rate is almost twice the national average Half the population of Native Americans live on reservations that provide inadequate economic support

10. Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved PRESENT-DAY NATIVE AMERICAN LIFE Chronic unemployment is a serious problem Some tribes have succeeded through their own efforts

11. Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved PRESENT-DAY NATIVE AMERICAN LIFE The average life span in some tribes is 45 years Nationally, the average life span is about 2.4 years less than the average

12. Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved PRESENT-DAY NATIVE AMERICAN LIFE The number of deaths by suicide among Native Americans is generally higher than for all other groups; suicide among Native American males aged 15 to 24 is 30.7 per 100,000, nearly double the national average The most serious problem facing Native Americans today is alcohol abuse

13. Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

14. Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved PRESENT-DAY NATIVE AMERICAN LIFE The Educational Amendments Act of 1978 gave substantial control over school programs to the Native American communities One of the most visible signs of Native Americans’ economic deprivation is reservation housing

15. Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

16. Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

17. Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved RED POWER Pan-Indianism A social movement attempting to establish a Native American ethnic identity instead of just a tribal identity

18. Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved RED POWER The Pan-Indianism movement has not been completely accepted as many Native Americans prefer to preserve their own tribal identity Action occurred at Alcatraz (1969) and at Wounded Knee, SD (1973)

19. Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved THE COURTS In the late 20 th century legal efforts to force the government to honor tribes’ treaty rights were more numerous and successful

20. Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved THE COURTS In 2007, a federal judge ruled that the Oneida cannot take back land they sold more than a century ago, but that they may be entitled to profits the state made in reselling the land; with interest that amount could be as high as $500 million

21. Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved URBAN NATIVE AMERICANS About 70 percent of all Native Americans live in urban areas or away from the reservations Twice as many urban Native Americans live in poverty compared to all other racial and ethnic groups combined

22. Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved URBAN NATIVE AMERICANS Although urban Native Americans are more likely to be employed than those who remain on the reservation, they do not achieve any improved income earnings, on average, until after five years of residence in the city

23. Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

24. Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved NATIVE AMERICAN ASSIMILATION Pan-traditional Assimilated Bicultural Marginal Traditional

25. Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS The Functionalist View Early contacts tended to be harmonious, with both sides benefiting Dysfunctions occurred as Native Americans slipped into economic subservience, their way of life further threatened by encroachment on their land by steadily increasing numbers of white settlers Whites forcibly removed Native Americans, seen as a hindrance to their making the land productive

26. Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS The Functionalist View Forced segregation on nonproductive reservations destroyed Native American society as a self-sufficient entity The systemic disorganization of the society restricted life opportunities Poor education, low income, bad housing, poor health, alcoholism, and suicides are costly to society and the people who endure them

27. Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS The Conflict View The native population declined due to warfare, disease, and disruption of sustenance activities, and its social institutions were undermined Westward expansion occurred by pushing aside the people who already possessed the land, without regard for their rights or wishes Formal government agreements and treaties became meaningless to those in power if further land confiscation or exploitation for natural resources offered profits

28. Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS The Interactionist View Ethnocentric views of Native American culture prompted a definition of the native population as inferiors, savages, and even nonhumans Such social distance created by dehumanization makes it easy to justify any action taken High levels of prejudice against Native Americans still exists in the West; the negative labeling and dehumanizing processes that led to past acts of violence against Native Americans remains a problem today