1. ErgonomicsErgonomics The science of fitting the job to the worker

2. MULTIDISCIPLINARY NATURE OF ERGONOMICS Anatomy and physiology Engineering Psychology Engineering Medicine Anthropology Biomechanics Anatomy and physiology Engineering Psychology Engineering Medicine Anthropology Biomechanics

3. Benefits of Ergonomics Decreased injury risk Increased productivity Decreased mistakes/rework Increased efficiency Decreased injury risk Increased productivity Decreased mistakes/rework Increased efficiency Decreased lost work days Decreased turnover Improved morale

4. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Ramazzinni described posture and disease in 1700s Before WWI labor surplus During WWII labor scarce WWII mass production of sophisticated equipment Reading Errors Control-Display Relations Ramazzinni described posture and disease in 1700s Before WWI labor surplus During WWII labor scarce WWII mass production of sophisticated equipment Reading Errors Control-Display Relations

5. EROGONOMIC CONCEPTS Tool design Workstation Design Material handling limits Visual and auditory task design Tool design Workstation Design Material handling limits Visual and auditory task design

6. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS Noise Vision Thermal Chemical Noise Vision Thermal Chemical

7. PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS Machine Pacing Shift Work Morale Machine Pacing Shift Work Morale

8. PHYSICALPHYSICAL Posture Force Repetition Manual Materials Handling Posture Force Repetition Manual Materials Handling

9. TARGET REGIONS Back Upper Extremities Lower Extremities Back Upper Extremities Lower Extremities

10. DESIGN AND DISEASE POSTUREDISCOMFORT StandingLegs, Feet, Back SittingNeck, Back, Shoulders ReachingShoulders, Upper Arms Head Bent BackCervical Region Trunk Bent ForwardLumbar Region

11. STATIC EXERTIONS Holding activities Carrying Standing Pushing and pulling Arms raised Holding activities Carrying Standing Pushing and pulling Arms raised

12. EFFECTS OF STATIC EXERTION When effort greater than or equal to 60 percent MVC blood flow almost completely interrupted. 15-20 percent MVC blood flow just about normal but still is associated with pain. MVC less than or equal to eight percent can probably be maintained indefinitely. When effort greater than or equal to 60 percent MVC blood flow almost completely interrupted. 15-20 percent MVC blood flow just about normal but still is associated with pain. MVC less than or equal to eight percent can probably be maintained indefinitely.

13. WORKSTATION GUIDELINES Reduce static component and allow worker to use optimal posture Optimal posture usually at midpoint of limbs range of motion Avoid muscular insufficiency Avoid forward reaches in excess of 16” Elbows down close to the body flexor angle around 90 degrees Reduce static component and allow worker to use optimal posture Optimal posture usually at midpoint of limbs range of motion Avoid muscular insufficiency Avoid forward reaches in excess of 16” Elbows down close to the body flexor angle around 90 degrees

14. WORKSTATION GUIDELINES (continued) Sit-Stand preferred but rarely seen Use gravity do not work against it Avoid the need for excessive head movement Avoid compression Ischemia Sit-Stand preferred but rarely seen Use gravity do not work against it Avoid the need for excessive head movement Avoid compression Ischemia

15. WORKPLACE INDICATORS Performance deterioration…Engineering Quality Control problems Absenteeism and turn-over…Human Resources Musculoskeletal disorders…OSHA Logs WC reports Complaints of fatigue and discomfort Performance deterioration…Engineering Quality Control problems Absenteeism and turn-over…Human Resources Musculoskeletal disorders…OSHA Logs WC reports Complaints of fatigue and discomfort

16. NIOSH LITERATURE SURVEY (NIOSH 97-141) 32% In 1994 32% of LWD cases (705,800) were result of overexertion or repetitive motion 367,424 Lifting 65% affected back 93,325 pushing/pulling (52%) 68,992 holding/carrying (58%) 92,576 repetitive motion, 55% wrist 83,483 NEC 32% In 1994 32% of LWD cases (705,800) were result of overexertion or repetitive motion 367,424 Lifting 65% affected back 93,325 pushing/pulling (52%) 68,992 holding/carrying (58%) 92,576 repetitive motion, 55% wrist 83,483 NEC

17. GROWING AWARENESS OF CTDs YearNumber of Repeated Trauma Cases Total Number of Illnesses 198023,200(18%)130,200 198123,000(18%)126,100 198222,600(21%)105,600 198326,700(25%)106,100 198434,700(28%)124,600 198537,000(30%)125,400 198645,500(33%)136,800 198772,900(38%)190,200 1988115,400(48%)240,900

18. TOP FIVE CTD INCIDENCE INDUSTRIES BY RATE 1990 Meatpacking Poultry Processing Household Refrigerator/Freezer Motor Vehicle and Car Body Men’s and Boy’s Trousers and Slacks Meatpacking Poultry Processing Household Refrigerator/Freezer Motor Vehicle and Car Body Men’s and Boy’s Trousers and Slacks

19. TOP FIVE CTD INCIDENCE INDUSTRY CLASSES BY NUMBER 1990 Meat Products Motor Vehicles Men’s and Boy’s Furnishings Miscellaneous Plastic Products Aircraft and Parts Meat Products Motor Vehicles Men’s and Boy’s Furnishings Miscellaneous Plastic Products Aircraft and Parts

20. Types of Injuries Muscle pain Joint pain Swelling Numbness Restricted motion Repetitive stress injury Muscle pain Joint pain Swelling Numbness Restricted motion Repetitive stress injury Repetitive motion injury Cumulative trauma disorder Musculoskeletal disorder

21. CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Tendinitis Tenosynovitis Ganglion cyst Tennis Elbow Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Tendinitis Tenosynovitis Ganglion cyst Tennis Elbow Trigger Finger DeQuervian’s Disease Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Bursitis Synovitis A class of musculoskeletal disorders arising from repeated biomechanical stress due to ergonomic hazards. Common names for these disorders are:

22. Ergonomic Risk Factors Repetition Awkward posture Forceful exertion Static posture Repetition Awkward posture Forceful exertion Static posture Mechanical contact stress Temperature Vibration

23. PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS LA TimesHETA 90-013-2277 NIOSH PUBS 1-800-356-4674 US WestHETA 89-299-2230 LA TimesHETA 90-013-2277 NIOSH PUBS 1-800-356-4674 US WestHETA 89-299-2230

24. PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS (continued) Significant Findings Fear of being replaced by computers Enlarged Jobs Uncertainty about job future Work pressure Lack of co-worker support Lack of productivity standard Lack of participation in decision-making Perception management not value ergo Significant Findings Fear of being replaced by computers Enlarged Jobs Uncertainty about job future Work pressure Lack of co-worker support Lack of productivity standard Lack of participation in decision-making Perception management not value ergo

25. Ergonomic Controls Engineering Administrative Work Practices Engineering Administrative Work Practices

26. CONTROL TECHNOLOGY Tool redesign Workstation redesign Job methods Early detection Job rotation Machine pacing Medical surveillance Tool redesign Workstation redesign Job methods Early detection Job rotation Machine pacing Medical surveillance

27. REDUCTION OF REPETITION Task Enlargement Mechanization Automation Task Enlargement Mechanization Automation

28. REDUCTION OF EXTREME JOINT MOVEMENT Altering tool or controls Workstation Design Moving the Worker Altering tool or controls Workstation Design Moving the Worker

29. REDUCTION OF FORCE Reducing the force Spreading the force Better mechanical advantage Reducing the force Spreading the force Better mechanical advantage

30. ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS HAZARD PREVENTION AND CONTROL Rest-pause Increase number of employees Job rotation Physical conditioning Relief personnel Medical management Rest-pause Increase number of employees Job rotation Physical conditioning Relief personnel Medical management

31. MATERIALS HANDLING Lifting/Lowering Pushing/Pulling Carrying Weights and Forces Frequency of activities Load Center of Gravity Lifting/Lowering Pushing/Pulling Carrying Weights and Forces Frequency of activities Load Center of Gravity

32. JOB RISK FACTORS Weight lifted Position of load center of gravity Frequency Posture Torso Flexion Twisting Arms extended Weight lifted Position of load center of gravity Frequency Posture Torso Flexion Twisting Arms extended

33. JOB DESIGN Can reduce one-third of compensable LBP Minimize reach and lift distances Keep off floor Work station design Frequency Relax time standard Rotation Work-Rest allowances Can reduce one-third of compensable LBP Minimize reach and lift distances Keep off floor Work station design Frequency Relax time standard Rotation Work-Rest allowances

34. JOB DESIGN (continued) Minimize Weight Mechanical aids Carton capacity Balance contents Convert: Carry to push/pull Push over pull Use large wheels Minimize Weight Mechanical aids Carton capacity Balance contents Convert: Carry to push/pull Push over pull Use large wheels

35. TRAININGTRAINING Focus on awareness and avoidance Get object as close to body as possible Planning Use of handling aids Back Schools Strength and fitness important Focus on awareness and avoidance Get object as close to body as possible Planning Use of handling aids Back Schools Strength and fitness important

36. WORKPLACE USE OF BACK BELTS NIOSH 94-122 Insufficient Data that belts significantly reduce trunk loading Insufficient data that wearing reduces risk of injury based on IAP and EMG May strain cardiovascular system Insufficient data that discontinuation of use increases risk among healthy workers Insufficient Data that belts significantly reduce trunk loading Insufficient data that wearing reduces risk of injury based on IAP and EMG May strain cardiovascular system Insufficient data that discontinuation of use increases risk among healthy workers NIOSH does not recommend as tool for prevention

37. ORGANIZATIONAL INFLUENCES Wage Systems Quality Control Management-Labor Relations Machine-paced versus Self-paced work Rest Breaks Overtime Shift Work Wage Systems Quality Control Management-Labor Relations Machine-paced versus Self-paced work Rest Breaks Overtime Shift Work

38. RECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS 1. Identify Team Members 2. Identify problem jobs 3. Survey Employees 4. Develop Plan of Action 5. Select most feasible 6. Implement on small scale 7. Train 8. Measure response 9. Wider application or goto 4 10. Goto 2 1. Identify Team Members 2. Identify problem jobs 3. Survey Employees 4. Develop Plan of Action 5. Select most feasible 6. Implement on small scale 7. Train 8. Measure response 9. Wider application or goto 4 10. Goto 2

39. REDESIGN EFFORT Based on job analysis Employee Feedback Anthropometry Fitting Trials (Prototyping) Monitoring and Measurement Based on job analysis Employee Feedback Anthropometry Fitting Trials (Prototyping) Monitoring and Measurement

40. REMEMBER WORKSTATION DESIGN GUIDELINES Design where hands spend most of time Normal reach envelope Elbow height Edge compression Limit forward reaches to 16! Design where hands spend most of time Normal reach envelope Elbow height Edge compression Limit forward reaches to 16!

41. WORK SITE ANALYSIS Review OSHA 200 log Employee interviews Performance Data (turnover, etc.) Video analysis of identified hazardous positions Review OSHA 200 log Employee interviews Performance Data (turnover, etc.) Video analysis of identified hazardous positions

42. Ergonomics Program Elements Management leadership and employee participation Hazard information and reporting Management leadership and employee participation Hazard information and reporting Job hazard analysis and control Training MSD management Program evaluation

43. REFERENCES Applications guide for the revised NIOSH lifting equation NTIS PB94-176930 (703) 487-4650$12.00 NTIS PB91-226274 Scientific Documentation Elements of Ergonomic Programs NIOSH 97-1171-800-35-NIOSH Musculoskeletal Disorders and Workplace Factors NIOSH 97-141 Work Practices Guide for Manual Lifting NIOSH 81-122

44. REFERENCES (continued) Cumulative Trauma Disorders: A Manual for MSDs of the Upper Limbs, Putz-Anderson Fitting the Task to the Man, Grandjean Taylor and Francis1-800-821-8312 Methodological Limitations in the Study of VDT use and UEMDs Gerr, Marcus, Ortiz, American J. Ind. Med. 29:649-656 (1996) Ergonomics: The Study of Work, OSHA 3125,www.OSHA.govwww.OSHA.gov Dan Ortiz, Georgia Tech(404) 894-8276 www.oshainfo.gatech.edu