1. Crimes Against Children

2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES  Recognize types an patterns of burn injuries found in child abuse  Define and discuss shaken-baby syndrome  Explain Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy  Identify types of child molesters, and explain investigative and interview techniques for cases of child molestation  Discuss the differences between coup and contrecoup injuries relevant to traumatic brain injuries  Understand relationship between child pornography and sex tourism  Outline types of child pornography  Discuss the use of the computer and the Internet in child pornography  Discuss additional ways the internet is used to exploit children  Be able to differentiate between sudden death syndrome and physical abuse 2 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

3. LEARNING OBJECTIVES (continued)  Understand what sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is and its misconceptions  Discuss the prevailing theories in SIDS research  Understand criminal homicide as a possibility in SIDS deaths  Describe the profile of infant abductors  Outline the assessments and investigative procedures used to determine whether a child has run away or has been abducted  Discuss sex-offender registration and community notification laws  Describe the personality traits and behaviors of individuals inclined to commit school crime  Understand the role of law enforcement in school crime 3 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

4. Assaults Against Children  The most common cause of children's death is physical abuse, often by their own parents  The clinical term commonly used to describe physically abused children is the battered-child syndrome  Abuse of children takes various forms, from minor assaults to flagrant physical torture  Although abusers use a wide variety of instruments, the two most common are the belt and electric cord 4 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

5. Burn Injuries And Child Abuse  Typologies of Burns  A burn may be classified by how severe or “deep” it is, or by how the injury occurred.  Medical Classification of Burn Severity  Physicians primarily categorize burns as having either “partial thickness” or “full thickness.”  Causes of Burn Injuries  Scald burns occur when the child comes into contact with hot liquid  Contact burns occur when the child encounters a hot solid object or flame 5 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

6. Causes Of Burn Injuries  Scald burns  most common  caused by hot liquids  Spill/Splash injuries  hot liquid falls from a height onto victim  Immersion burns  child falls or is placed into tub or other container of hot liquid  Contact burns  skin comes into contact with a flame or hot solid object 6 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

7. Classification Of Burns 7 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

8. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome  Simply defined, SIDS is the sudden and unexpected death of an apparently health infant that remains unexplained after the performance of a complete autopsy 8 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

9. Characteristics Of SIDS Victims Appearance  Usually normal state of nutrition and hydration  Blood-tinged, frothy fluids around mouth and nostrils, indicative of pulmonary edema  Vomitus on the face  Diaper wet and full of stool  Bruise like marks on the head or body limbs (postmortem pooling or settling of blood in dependant body parts) 9 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

10. Misconceptions  Aspiration or choking  Unsuspected illness  Freezing  Accidental injury, neglect or abuse 10 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

11. “Coup-Contrecoup” Injuries  “Coup” injuries are observed at the direct site of the impact of the head and a moving object  “Contrecoup” injuries occur inside the skull on the opposite side of the area of impact  Often the key evidence refuting suspicious statements by suspects © 2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 11

12. Shaken-Baby Syndrome  Shaken-baby syndrome (SBS) is the severe intentional application of violent force (shaking), in one or more episodes, that results in intracranial injuries to the child.  The mechanism of injury in SBS is thought to result from a combination of physical factors, including the proportionately large cranial size of infants, the laxity of their neck muscles, and the vulnerability of their intracranial bridging veins. 12 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

13. Munchausen Syndrome By Proxy  Munchausen syndrome is a psychological disorder in which the patient fabricates the symptoms of disease or injury in order to undergo medical tests, hospitalization, or even medical or surgical treatment  In cases of Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSBP), a parent or caretaker suffering from Munchausen syndrome attempts to bring medical attention to himself or herself by injuring or inducing illness in a child 13 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

14. Situational Child Molesters  For purposes of discussion Kenneth V. Landing of the FBI divides child molesters into two categories:  situational  preferential 14 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

15. Preferential Child Molesters 15 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

16. Interviewing Molested Children  Common sense and formal research agree that children are not merely miniature adults  Waterman has identified three types of developmental issues that are important when allegations of sexual abuse arise  First the child's developmental level relative to other children in his or her age group  Second is the child's development level with regard to sexuality  Third is the child's ability to respond adequately to interviews and to testify in court 16 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

17. Interviewing Molested Children  When anatomically detailed dolls were first introduced in the late 1970s they were widely hailed as an important advance in techniques for communicating with troubled children  One alternative that is being used by some police agencies either in connection with or instead of an anatomically detailed doll is to have the child draw his or her own picture  As with the anatomical dolls, leading questions are widely used as a courtroom technique to assist child witnesses 17 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

18. Anatomically Detailed Dolls  These dolls are used by some investigators  They show all body parts including genitals  Some experts disagree at to their overall usefulness (Courtesy Eymann Anatomically Correct Dolls, Sacramento, California) 18 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

19. Child Pornography  Commercial Child Pornography  Commercial child pornography is that which is produced and intended for commercial sale  Homemade Child Pornography  Contrary to what its name implies, the quality of homemade child pornography can be as good if not better than the quality of any commercial pornography  Use of the Computer and the Internet in Child Pornography  The ubiquity of the computer, and by extension the Internet, is an unfortunate asset to the child pornographer 19 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

20. Sex Tourism  Allows pedophiles, mostly men, to arrange a trip to an area known for child prostitution and child sex trafficking.  Can be by Internet based “travel agencies” or internet based child pornography networks 20 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

21. Use Of Computer and Internet in Child Pornography  Computers used to create, distribute and catalog pornographic depictions of children and to widen their net of victimization.  Pornographers compulsives record keepers and computer is depository of files. 21 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

22. Infant Abduction  Infant abduction is the taking of a child less than one year old by a nonfamily member  Infant abductions do not appear to be motivated by:  desire for money  sex  revenge  custody 22 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

23. Profile Of The Infant Abductor  Infant abductors are usually women  Women account for 141 of the 145 cases analyzed  Ages ranged from 14 to 48 years old  average age 28 years old 23 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

24. Profile of the Infant Abductor (cont'd)  Race was determined in 142 cases:  63 offenders were white  54 offenders were black  25 offenders were Hispanic  Typical abductor does not have criminal record  If a criminal record does exist, it will likely consist of nonviolent offenses 24 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

25. The Amber Plan  The AMBER Plan is a voluntary partnership between partnership law enforcement and broadcasters to activate an urgent news bulletin in the most serious child abduction cases.  Broadcasters use the Emergency Alert System (EAS), formerly the Emergency Broadcast System to air a description of the missing child and suspected abductor. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 25

26. How Does the Amber Plan Work?  Law enforcement confirms the child abduction  Law enforcement believes the child is in danger of serious bodily harm or death  Sufficient descriptive information exists to believe that an immediate broadcast will help 26 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

27. Sex Offender Registration and Community Notification  The Laws  In 1994, Congress passed the Jacob Wetterling Crimes Against Children and Sexuality Violent Offender Registration Act (The Jacob Wetterling Act).  The act required that states create sex offender registries within three years or lose 10% of their funding under the Edward Byrne Memorial Program.  The Pam Lychner Sexual Offender Tracking and Identification Act of 1996 amended the Jacob Wetterling Act by establishing a national sex offender database, which the FBI maintains. 27 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

28. Sex Offender Registration and Community Notification (cont'd)  Registration Requirements  Although sex offender registration requirements vary according to state laws, some common features exist in registries across the country  For example, a state agency (i.e., state police) maintain the registry for the state  Notification Features  The most basic form of notification, sometimes referred to as “passive notification,” allows inquiring citizens to access registry information at their local law enforcement agencies 28 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

29. Crime in Schools  Threat Assessment  Specific, plausible details are a critical factor in evaluating a threat  The emotional content of a threat can be an important clue to the threatener’s mental state  Precipitating stressors are incidents, circumstances, reactions, or situations which can trigger a threat  Pre-disposing factors. Underlying personality traits, characteristics, and temperament that predispose an adolescent to fantasize about violence or act violently 29 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

30. Levels of Risk in School Crime Low level of threat.  A threat which poses a minimal risk to the victim and public safety. Medium level of threat.  A threat which could be carried out, although it may not appear entirely realistic. High level of threat.  A threat that appears to pose an imminent and serious danger to the safety of others. 30 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

31. Weapon Detection Programs  Weapon detectors are now used in some schools  These systems are expensive  These systems also require a security guard to be present 31 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.