1. Applied Genetics Selective Breeding and Genetic Engineering

2. Selective Breeding = crossing of plants or animals that have desirable traits to produce offspring with those traits Increased strength Leaner meat (less fat) Disease resistance Larger grain/fruit Better taste

3. hybridization = crossing two organisms (same genus/species, “kind”) with variations of particular trait(s) to produce offspring with a mixture of the trait(s)

4. Offspring inherits traits of both parents Donkey X horse = mule Modern grains – corn, wheat Ancient wild wheat X wild goat grass = nutritious hybrid wheat used for bread

5. The greater the difference between “kinds” (genus/species) being hybridized, the more likely the hybrid will be sterile

6. Inbreeding = crossing 2 organisms that have the same or similar trait(s) to produce animals with the same trait(s)

7. Idea is to preserve the desirable traits Organisms are genetically similar and can lead to negative consequences:

8. Increased chances of inheriting disorders Increased chances of contracting certain diseases Decreased ability to adapt to environmental changes

11. Weird hybrids liger = cross between lion (father) and tiger (mother)

12. Weird hybrids Tigon = cross between male tiger and female lion

13. Beefalo/cattalo = bison x cow

14. Hinny Female donkey x male horse

15. Cama = male camel x female llama

16. Genetic Engineering Process in which genes (sections of DNA) are taken from one organism and transferred to another

17. Recombinant DNA Section of DNA is separated from strand of one organism This is spliced into the DNA of another organism

18. DNA is now combined Modified DNA will cause cells to carryout processes in a different way

20. Products resulting from genetic engineering Medicine Insulin, human growth hormone (produced by altered bacteria) Hepatitis B vaccine (produced by altered yeast cells)

22. Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) Genetically Engineered Organisms (GEO) Transgenic crops GM foods Transgenic animals Much of these are used in agriculture

23. transgenic goats (spider genes for web silk protein) (Nexia Biotechnologies) Used to manufacture BioSteel® & Protexia™

24. Agricultural uses Herbicide-tolerant crops Insecticidal crops Better taste, texture, longer shelf- life, larger size, better suited for mechanical harvesting

26. Potential problems Cross-pollination of GM crops to wild varieties can cause weeds to become herbicide resistant Insects may become quickly resistant to insecticides because of exposure to GM crops

27. Predators that eat insects who have eaten GM crops can be affected in unknown ways People who eat GM crops can be affected in unknown ways Toxic effects Pathogenic effects Allergic reactions Resistance to antibiotics

28. Terminator genes Plants have been developed that have a trait that kills developing embryos in seeds so that seeds from crops cannot be saved & planted the following season

29. Warnings Genes are now known to control more than one trait By altering/changing a single gene, multiple traits may be changed in ways we can’t predict Human genes are only a small percentage of the information contained in DNA (5% or less)…we don’t know what most of the rest does

31. Humans have only 300 more genes than what are also found in mice… “This tells me genes can’t possibly explain all of what makes us what we are.” Craig Venter, president of Celera Genomics (Maryland firm that led one of the mapping teams for the Human Genome Project)

32. The Future…. Chimera – organism or component composed of different genetic material

33. So far… Pigs with human blood Mice with human brain cells Sheep with human tissues in hearts & livers Fusion of human & rabbit bio- matter produced chimeric embryos