1. HUMAN FACTORS Lets look a little closer at a few HF elements in respect of “Gliding”. VISION, LOOKOUT & the Limitations of the Human Eye. VISION, LOOKOUT & the Limitations of the Human Eye. FATIGUE FATIGUE It is appropriate to review each element of HF in detail to tease out each component before determining whether there is any action we (each of us) take to minimise them. It is appropriate to review each element of HF in detail to tease out each component before determining whether there is any action we (each of us) take to minimise them.

2. HUMAN FACTORS VISION, LOOKOUT & the Limitations of the Human Eye. VISION, LOOKOUT & the Limitations of the Human Eye. You may LOOK, but not necessarily see, for a number of reasons. BUT REMEMBER, You may LOOK, but not necessarily see, for a number of reasons. BUT REMEMBER, LOOKING and not seeing is the same as not LOOKING and not seeing is the same as not Looking ! Looking ! Understanding the limitations of the Human Eye (and the other bodily systems), identifies some HF aspects of “Lookout”. Understanding the limitations of the Human Eye (and the other bodily systems), identifies some HF aspects of “Lookout”.

3. HUMAN FACTORS Vision – is the primary source of information for a pilot - be it for aircraft attitude, position or physical hazards (other aircraft). Vision – is the primary source of information for a pilot - be it for aircraft attitude, position or physical hazards (other aircraft). Vital that Pilot’s know the quality and any short-comings of their own vision. Vital that Pilot’s know the quality and any short-comings of their own vision. Important that Instructor’s and Coaches effectively train a pilot how to best utilise vision to maintain maximum safety. Important that Instructor’s and Coaches effectively train a pilot how to best utilise vision to maintain maximum safety.

4. HUMAN FACTORS Vision involves both the internal and external environment of the aircraft. Vision involves both the internal and external environment of the aircraft. Inside - to interpret flight instruments, flight controls and aircraft systems, maps & charts. Inside - to interpret flight instruments, flight controls and aircraft systems, maps & charts. Externally - to observe and interpret weather, terrain, aircraft attitude and position, and to see other airspace users. Externally - to observe and interpret weather, terrain, aircraft attitude and position, and to see other airspace users.

5. HUMAN FACTORS Lookout involves thorough scanning of all the sky, regularly, to locate other airspace users. Lookout involves thorough scanning of all the sky, regularly, to locate other airspace users. THIS REQUIRES THIS REQUIRES - GOOD VISION. - UNDERSTANDING THE LIMITATIONS OF THE HUMAN VISION SYSTEM. - SYSTEMATIC SCANNING TECHNIQUES - Correct interpretation of what is seen.

6. HUMAN FACTORS LOOKOUT must involve at least two pilots if there are two aircraft in the immediate vicinity. LOOKOUT must involve at least two pilots if there are two aircraft in the immediate vicinity. Lookout can only be successful as a “see- and-avoid” method while looking out – that is looking outside the cockpit. Lookout can only be successful as a “see- and-avoid” method while looking out – that is looking outside the cockpit. If one pilot is pre-occupied with maps, charts, Glide Computer, PDA etc, he can’t be looking out AND the safety margin is reduced. If one pilot is pre-occupied with maps, charts, Glide Computer, PDA etc, he can’t be looking out AND the safety margin is reduced.

7. HUMAN FACTORS Some Eye Limitations Some Eye Limitations Focus - requires time, something to focus on. Focus - requires time, something to focus on. Quality of Sight, How good is your eye-sight ?. Quality of Sight, How good is your eye-sight ?. How many people know they have poor eye-sight ?. How many people know they have poor eye-sight ?. How many people know they have good eye-sight ?. How many people know they have good eye-sight ?. How many people don’t know ? How many people don’t know ? How do you know you have or don’t have good sight. How do you know you have or don’t have good sight. Cant read the “fine print”. Cant read the “fine print”. Cant read the car in fronts number plate at 25 metres. Cant read the car in fronts number plate at 25 metres. Regular formal eye check. Regular formal eye check. How many require / carry corrective lenses. How many require / carry corrective lenses.

8. HUMAN FACTORS Some Eye Limitations (Cont’d) Age – as we age, the quality of our vision changes. Age – as we age, the quality of our vision changes. Blind Spots. Blind Spots. Alcohol effects and impacts - spatial dis- orientation. Alcohol effects and impacts - spatial dis- orientation. Fatigue Fatigue

9. HUMAN FACTORS Other Limitations. Other Limitations. Moving object vs stationary object. Moving object vs stationary object. Canopy condition, cleanliness, A/C structure. Canopy condition, cleanliness, A/C structure. Natural background Natural background Object colour, available light, glare, contrast etc Object colour, available light, glare, contrast etc Location – how many pilot’s increase their scan near the circuit area. Location – how many pilot’s increase their scan near the circuit area. Alerted See & Avoid, Situational Awareness. Alerted See & Avoid, Situational Awareness.

10. HUMAN FACTORS The factors affecting lookout are not all errors or poor airmanship, some are limitations of the human visual and information processing systems, present to various degrees in us all. The factors affecting lookout are not all errors or poor airmanship, some are limitations of the human visual and information processing systems, present to various degrees in us all. Effective training can improve the quality of a lookout technique. Effective training can improve the quality of a lookout technique. We can address some of the “HF” aspects to minimise their impact. We can address some of the “HF” aspects to minimise their impact.

11. HUMAN FACTORS “LOOKOUT” HF’s. It takes It takes time to SEE, 0.1 seconds time to SEE, 0.1 seconds time to recognise the object, 1 second time to recognise the object, 1 second time to recognise collision risk, 5 seconds time to recognise collision risk, 5 seconds time to make a decision, 4 seconds time to make a decision, 4 seconds time to react, 0.5 seconds time to react, 0.5 seconds lag in reacting (A/C etc) 2 seconds lag in reacting (A/C etc) 2 seconds - 12.6 seconds, once you have seen the object

12. HUMAN FACTORS How can we minimise the HF influence? - Only we, as individual pilot’s, can influence “HF” in gliding. - We should try to influence our peers. It is vital that every “link in the chain” fully contributes all that is possible and necessary in every respect to minimise HF. This requires knowledge (through training, experience, etc), interest and attention to detail. It is vital that every “link in the chain” fully contributes all that is possible and necessary in every respect to minimise HF. This requires knowledge (through training, experience, etc), interest and attention to detail.

13. HUMAN FACTORS Our Responsibility Our Responsibility “It doesn’t matter how many Rules, Regulations, Procedures, Advisory Circulars, Mandatory Directives, Compulsory Training Courses or Voluntary Training Courses are provided, unless we, in the end it’s up to us - the pilot’s - as individuals.

14. HUMAN FACTORS Consciously make the time available to scan – the majority of a pilot’s time should be spent LOOKING OUT. Consciously make the time available to scan – the majority of a pilot’s time should be spent LOOKING OUT. Have an ORGANISED cockpit. Have an ORGANISED cockpit. Arrange the cockpit workload accordingly. Arrange the cockpit workload accordingly. Make the appropriate radio calls, on the appropriate frequency. Make the appropriate radio calls, on the appropriate frequency. Don’t plan to arrive at unexpected points in the circuit – fly a circuit if possible. Don’t plan to arrive at unexpected points in the circuit – fly a circuit if possible.

15. HUMAN FACTORS To minimise the HF influence for LOOKOUT To minimise the HF influence for LOOKOUT Focus – Understand the limitations of the eye. Focus – Understand the limitations of the eye. - Develop a systematic scan pattern. - Develop a systematic scan pattern. - Allow time for the eye to focus. - Allow time for the eye to focus. - Make the eye to focus on a distant object - Make the eye to focus on a distant object before commencing a scan. Re-focus. before commencing a scan. Re-focus. Know the quality of your eye-sight. Know the quality of your eye-sight. - Have a regular eye-test. - Have a regular eye-test. - If prescribed, wear corrective lenses. - If prescribed, wear corrective lenses. - Keep them clean. - Keep them clean. - Carry a spare pair (in reach in the cockpit). - Carry a spare pair (in reach in the cockpit).

16. HUMAN FACTORS Ensure the canopy is clean. Ensure the canopy is clean. Appreciate the effects of the background, the available light, object colour and contrast. Appreciate the effects of the background, the available light, object colour and contrast. Increase the scan in and near the circuit area. Increase the scan in and near the circuit area. Use the radio for “Alerted See & Avoid” and to build “Situational Awareness”. Use the radio for “Alerted See & Avoid” and to build “Situational Awareness”.

17. HUMAN FACTORS FATIGUE FATIGUE Reasons for the onset of Fatigue Reasons for the onset of Fatigue Illness Illness Exertion Exertion Excessive workload (cumulative effect). Excessive workload (cumulative effect). Poor Rest, Sleep ( “ “ ). Poor Rest, Sleep ( “ “ ). Alcohol event ( “ “ ). Alcohol event ( “ “ ). Stress Stress Boredom Boredom

18. HUMAN FACTORS Fatigue likely to be promoted by; - Excessively hot weather. - Hypoxia. - Dehydration. - Boredom.

19. HUMAN FACTORS Signs of Fatigue Signs of Fatigue More likely to occur later in a flight / the day, when you need to be alert and attentive. Missing critical items, Checks, etc Missing critical items, Checks, etc SCAN failure, Radio Calls, Track keeping, Taking a drink or food, Airspace violation, Geographically challenged. SCAN failure, Radio Calls, Track keeping, Taking a drink or food, Airspace violation, Geographically challenged. Taking shortcuts, slow to react. Taking shortcuts, slow to react. Can’t remember a very recent (brief) period. Can’t remember a very recent (brief) period. Becoming drowsey. Becoming drowsey.

20. HUMAN FACTORS FATIGUE Mitigators “Identifying FATIGUE is the challenge” Drink water or fluid, take food. Drink water or fluid, take food. Take a series of deep breaths. Take a series of deep breaths. If oxygen deprived, consider using oxygen or descending. If oxygen deprived, consider using oxygen or descending. Don’t take shortcuts. Don’t take shortcuts. Adequate Sleep, Rest. Adequate Sleep, Rest.

21. HUMAN FACTORS FATIGUE Mitigators Avoiding alcohol before flying. Avoiding alcohol before flying. Becoming well following an illness before flying. Becoming well following an illness before flying.