1. COST-EFFECTIVE CARBON Colin Price School of the Environment and Natural Resources Bangor University

2. SOME PRICES FOR CARBON: Note: these prices were compiled from a wide range of sources in 1993, and can probably be more or less doubled now.

6. CO 2

9. [Difference in mean annual net cost] [Difference in mean carbon stock]

10. In an investment context, the break-even price of carbon fixing is given by:

13. Photo: John Tay

15. Source: Healey, Price & Tay (2000)

17. Sitka spruce YC 12: 80 tonnes for nothing! Sitka spruce YC 12: commercial versus “unmanaged” [Mean annual net cost] =£200 ÷ [Difference of mean carbon]?250 – 80 tonnes =£1.17 per tonne per year

18. Somewhat longer rotations:  give greater mean growing stock storage  produce a greater proportion of slow- decaying products  entail only slightly reduced net annual income, so …  represent cheap extra carbon

21. Single-tree continuous cover forestry: worst case (harvesting penalty = £5 / m3 ; dysgenic effect = –20%) [Mean net cost per year = £230] ÷ (65 – 53) tonnes = £19 per tonne per year

26. The material of the moment… Painted concrete Photo: University of Wales

28. In an investment context, the break-even price of carbon fixing is given by:

30. THREE WAYS OF USING TREES TO REDUCE NET CARBON EMISSIONSDiscount rate Fix fossil fuel emissions, then use the product £165 £87 as biomass fuel

31. THREE WAYS OF USING TREES TO REDUCE NET CARBON EMISSIONSDiscount rate Fix fossil fuel emissions, then use the product £330 £174 as biomass fuel

32. Newport, C12 th replaced 1913?

33. Llandaff,c.1170 (replaced?)

34. Bangor, 1350?

35. St Asaph, C15 th

36. Brecon, C15 th

37. St Davids, C16 th

38. CO 2

40. Price of flux approach: grow-and-utilise-structurally Note: add 10% to allow for carbon emissions in harvesting Discount rateWithout steelWith steelreplacement 6% £172 £34 3.5%£85£17 2%£31£6.5 1%FREE!FREE!

42. Even at a 6% discount rate: Douglas fir yield class 20 cost of carbon = £25 / tonne without steel replacement; or £5 / tonne with steel replacement