1. Korea in the 1900s Japanese Occupation Liberation and Division 19

2. Japanese Occupation 1910-1945  Koreans continue to look to US as potential savior  Look to Protestant churches as special connection to America  Japan annexes Korea 1910 Taft-Katsura Agreement US concurs secretly that Japan should lead to modernize and develop Korea  Protestant Missionaries agree: Japan is the one modern Asian Nation Korean’s need Japanese tutelage Koreans today see this as a major betrayal

3. Japanese Occupation: Independence Movements  Case of 105, 1911 Alleged plot to assassinate Japanese occupation officials 105 arrested Heavy Christian component Christians seen as “nationalists” and loyalists Japanese recognized Christian “problem” but looked away because they needed Western acquiescence for the occupation

4. Japanese Occupation: Independence Movements  Case of 105, 1911: cont. Churches maintained national organizations Sermons focused on Moses and Exodus from Egypt YMCA became a political organization  lots of them not really Christian – just political Missionaries tried to depoliticize churches and YMCA but failed

5. March 1 st Movement March 1 st Movement, 1919 Declaration of Independence  35 signatories –  half Christian Clergy Coordinated protests throughout the nation Led by religious leaders, mostly Christians and Chondokyo, some Buddhists Peaceful Japanese response was mass violence Attack churches Provisional Government

6. March 1 st Movement

7. After March 1 st Movement Korean Protestants Heavily persecuted Most pastors rejected “Exodus” theology Focused on next world salvation Some still worked for independence YMCA Study Groups Teaching Hangul and Korean history in “Sunday Schools” and “Bible Schools” March 1 st Movement Trial

8. Japanese Occupation Independence Movements 1935 Shinto Shrine Controversy and Christians in Korea  Japan requires all schools to start with Shinto rights revering the Emperor Some Pastors see it as Shinto Worship Presbytery concludes it is “political” Most Christian Schools comply rather than shut down Some prefer to shut down and pastors in Pyongyang go to jail  Christians again get credit for being anti- Japanese and independence activists

9. Japanese Occupation Independence Movements Independence Movements in Exile US Based: Syngman Rhee  Raised money in US to support Korean independence  Based in Hawaii  Lobbied among US leaders to support Korea  Heavy Methodist support

10. Japanese Occupation Independence Movements Independence Movements in Exile: China and Soviet Based: Kim Il Sung  Studied Marxism/Leninism  Engaged in Anti-Japanese gorilla attacks  Mobilized for Russian and then Soviet and Chinese support for Korean independence Kim Il Sung as Japanese resistance fighter

11. Occupation  Repression under Japan  READ: When my Name was Keoko Japanese Language Japanese Names Japanese Education Forced labor and military service “Comfort Women”

12. WW II in Korean History  World War II  Pearl Harbor  US Plan: Germany first, then Japan

13. WW II in Korean History  Cairo Conference: 1943 Korea to be occupied Korean Independence “in due time”

14. WW II in Korean History Yalta Conference:  Feb. 4—11, 1945  USSR to join war on Japan 3 months after German surrender  USSR to participate in occupation of Korea

15. WW II in Korean History Potsdam Conference  July 17—Aug. 2, 1945  Yalta Conference arrangements for Korea Confirmed

16. WW II in Korean History  August 6, 1945, Atom bomb on Hiroshima  August 8, 1945, Russians enter the war against Japan, fulfilling their Yalta Conference agreement  August 9, 1945, Atom bomb on Nagasaki

17. WW II in Korean History  August 10/11, 1945 (about midnight), young colonels, Dean Rusk and Charles Bonesteel, under orders from Gen. McArthur, draw a division line at the 38th parallel, keeping the capital city, Seoul, in the American area.  August 15, 1945, Japan Surrenders.

18. Cold War History: Korea  US occupies Southern Korea, Soviets occupy North  USA/USSR tensions emerge almost at once USA envisions capitalist democracy USSR envisions communist government

19. Postwar South Korea  People’s committees all over Korea Japanese forces provide US occupation lists of “good” and “communist” Koreans US occupation accepts Japanese assessment, effectively labeling Anti-Japanese activists as “communists” US Employs Collaborators as officials

20. Postwar South Korea October, 1945  Syngman Rhee returned to South Korea from the US Welcomed as a nationalist resistance leader by US leadership. Clearly the US favorite for new Korean government Incorporates Christian elite into his movement Chooses a policy of forgiveness and reconciliation toward collaborators Rhee’s major potential rivals all die in assassinations or “accidents”

21. North Korea  October, 1945  Kim Il Sung returns to North Korea from Manchuria  Welcomed by Soviets as a nationalist resistance leader  Purges collaborators  Attacks “capitalists”  Excludes Christian elite Attacks Churches as the only institution that could challenge his supremacy Christians learn that Christianity and Communism don’t mix  Kim’s major potential rivals all die in assassinations or “accidents”

22. Postwar Dictators  Both Rhee in the South and Kim in the North are tyrannical and dictatorial  Rhee is OUR tyrant: He’s Christian, pro-American, Capitalist, and Speaks English  Kim is THE SOVIET’S tyrant: He’s Communist, pro- Soviet, Speaks Chinese and some Russian  Neither is Democratic  Neither stands truly independent of his occupation supporters  Each blusters about unifying the nation by force under his own “legitimate” government

23. Cold War History: US  Containment 1947  George Kennan writes Mr. X article  Coins term and policy of “Containment”  Emerging Cold War conflict between USA and USSR  No compromise possible from either the US or USSR perspective

24. Two Koreas  Joint elections impractical  Two separate Korean Governments established  1948 “Elections” in both North and South Korea  Soviets withdraw troops Soviets and NK point to US occupation as proof that SK government is a puppet US withdraws troops from SK to bolster claim of SK legitimacy

25. Korean War  January 12, 1950  United States Secretary of State Dean Acheson  US Press Club: “US Vital Interests” America's Pacific defense perimeter  Implies that the U.S. might not fight over Korea  This omission encouraged the North and the Soviets US Vital Interests

26. Korean War War begins June 25, 1950  North Korea Invades Takes all but Pusan  US Proposes UN action to defend South Korea  Soviet Ambassador storms out in protest – forgetting to use his veto X  Pusan

27. Korean War  MacArthur assigned to command UN forces  Incheon landing, September 15 - September 28, 1950

28. Korean War MacArthur Insists on pushing to Chinese border  Rants about liberating China  Seems to ignore President Truman’s policy  January 4, 1951: Communist Chinese and North Korean forces recapture Seoul.  April 11, 1951: MacArthur removed from command by President Truman.  Stalemate, July, 1951 X  Pusan

29. Korean War and Christianity  During Korean War Christians flock South Bring with them horror stories of anti-Christian Persecution under communism Establish large, successful protestant churches in South Korea ALL South Koreans learn this history and ALL South Koreans believe that:  Christians CAN NOT be communists  Communists CAN NOT be Christian  This matters in the role that Christian Churches play later

30. Korean Division  Originally 38 th parallel  Post Korean War: Red line called the DMZ

31. Korean War Ends  Cease Fire July 27, 1953  Neither Korea Signed Armistice  State of war continues  Both Koreas considered themselves the only legitimate authority  Both Koreas had authoritarian dictatorships at least through 1987  North Korea still has a dictatorship (2010)

32. Post Korean War History  South Korea: 40,000 US troops remain to guard South Korea (Now 29,000) US supports pro American authoritarian regimes  North Korea: Chinese troops leave North argues that South Korea is an occupied country, not independent North sees US troops as a threat

33. South Korea Rhee’s South Korea languishes:  Corruption, incompetence, and cheating on elections lead to Syngman Rhee’s departure 1960 Student Riots erupt Rhee tries to suppress them US Government intervenes Suggests Rhee’s retirement to Hawaii – provides military transport for his exodus Side Note: Buck Shaffer told me about his memory of these riots, he and the Panther Band were in Seoul for a USO tour at the time.

34. South Korea Chang Myon  Establishes leadership of the government upon Rhee’s departure Chang is a Catholic  Unrest, labor strikes and democracy movements create “chaos”  Military Coup brings Military to power in South Korea

35. South Korea  Park Chung Hee leads South Korea Military Dictator Harsh discipline Anti-communist Economic development for national security Fantastic economic growth Terrible human rights

36. North Korea  Kim Il Sung in North Korea  Juche Ideology National independence  Aligned with USSR and China  Plays them off against each other until 1991  Standard pattern of brinksmanship to get what he wants