1. Chapter 5

4.  Mountains impeded communication allowed city-states to form  Sea trade and colonies

5.  Minoans (2000-1500 BCE) trading culture  wine, olive oil

6.  Knossos

8.  Mycenaean (1600-1200 BCE) warrior culture Linear B script

10.  no written records  little to no trade

12.  growth of the polis (city-state)  Characterized by: single written language share religion celebrations (Olympics)

13.  due to excess population

14.  Phalanx tight battle formation  Hoplites Greek citizen soldier

15.  revolved around polis  varied among city-states  all citizens expected to participate in government

16.  Agora temple on the highest hill of polis  Acropolis open area used for meetings, market

19.  militaristic state built on slavery  no arts, masters of the art of war

20.  boys= war  girls= breed warriors

21.  oligarchy- rule by a few  two kings- mainly generals of the army  five ephors- managers  senate- had to be over 60 yrs old

22.  Three classes: equals = soldiers half-citizens = outsiders helots = slaves  more numerous than Spartans, had to use force

23.  Agoge means of educating boys  Crypteia final challenge (graduation)

24.  reading  writing  gymnastics  athletics

26.  “birthplace of democracy”  Assembly: open to all citizens passed laws and made policy decisions

27.  Freeman- all male citizens 1. aristocracy- rich folk 2. small farmers 3. thetes- craftsmen 4. metics- outsiders 5. slaves

28.  strong navy  democratic values  culturally superior

29.  Boys reading, writing, mathematics Philosophy military for two years  Girls no formal education no role in politics spinning, weaving, domestic roles

30.  art, architecture  drama, literature  medicine  government

32.  defeat of Darius  leads to later invasion of Xerxes

35.  quarrels over colonies  fear of Athenian economic dominance

36.  Spartans win, but all city-states weakened  allows Philip II of Macedonia to conquer Greece

38.  conquers Persia, Egypt  attacks India, not successful  attempted to blend cultures through intermarriage  dies at age 33

39.  spread of Greek culture