1. Maritime Training for Seafarers Navigating in Ice-covered Water
Jieying XIE, Lecturer
Shanghai Maritime University
Jieying XIE, Shanghai Martime University

2. Jieying XIE, Shanghai Martime University
Introduction
Climate change –a challenge for IMO too
The reduction of polar sea ice and the increasing worldwide demand for energy will likely result in a dramatic increase in the number of vessels that travel Arctic waters.
As vessel traffic increases, disaster scenarios are going to become more of a reality
Jieying XIE, Shanghai Martime University

3. Jieying XIE, Shanghai Martime University
Antarctica: a surge in ship-based adventures has been doubled and redoubled in less than a decade.
Jieying XIE, Shanghai Martime University

4. Differences in navigation

5. Difficulties in navigation

6. Clelia II antarctic cruise, December 10, 2010
An increase in cruise ship accidents.
MS Explorer, November 26, 2007
Clelia II antarctic cruise, December 10, 2010
Polar Star Cruise, February 1, 2011
Jieying XIE, Shanghai Martime University

7. Jieying XIE, Shanghai Martime University
Ship officers demand for ice information.
A risk analysis is needed.
experienced and well trained personnel,
Jieying XIE, Shanghai Martime University

8. Survey of Current work on navigating in ice-covered areas
Guidelines for Ships Operating in Arctic Ice-Covered Waters
The Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC), at its 48th session (October 2002) and the MSC, at its 76th session (December 2002), approved the recommendatory ‘Guidelines for Ships Operating in Arctic Ice-covered Waters’.
Jieying XIE, Shanghai Martime University

9. SOLAS Requirements Concerning Polar Areas
SOLAS 74 Regulation V/5 on ‘Meteorological services and warnings’ Regulation V/6 on ‘Ice Patrol Service’ + Appendix ‘Rules for the management, operation and financing of the North Atlantic Ice Patrol’;
Jieying XIE, Shanghai Martime University

10. Jieying XIE, Shanghai Martime University
Other related Guidelines
New Section B-V/g of the STCW Code on ‘Guidance regarding training of Masters and officers for ships operating in Polar waters’ (exp. entry into force 1 Jan 2012)
IMO Arctic & Polar Shipping Guidelines;
IMO Assembly Resolution A.999(25), ‘Guidelines on voyage planning for passenger ships operating in remote areas’ (after sinking of MS Explorer);
Stability requirements for ships operating in areas with ice accretion
2008 Intact Stability (IS) Code
MARPOL Requirements Concerning Polar Areas
STCW Requirements Concerning Polar Areas
Training requirements for personnel on ships operating in ice-covered waters
Guidelines for ships operating in polar waters
Jieying XIE, Shanghai Martime University

11. Development of Crew’s Training Concerning Ice Navigation
Why?
Human factors play a significant role in marine emergencies
...the Guidelines recognize that safe operation in such conditions requires specific attention to human factors including training and operational procedures.
Jieying XIE, Shanghai Martime University

12. How? Drafting an universal standard
Developing an ice navigation training
curriculum
Improving the training facilities
Establishing a data bank for experts and qualified trainers

13. Guidelines for Ships Operating in Polar Waters
Issued in 2002
DE 52 finalized in 2009 a draft Assembly resolution on Guidelines for ships operating in polar waters, addressing both Arctic and Antarctic areas
Approved by MSC 86 and MEPC 59 with a view to adoption at the twenty-sixth IMO Assembly (A 26) in December 2009
Jieying XIE, Shanghai Martime University

14. Jieying XIE, Shanghai Martime University
‘knowledge, understanding and proficiency required for operating a ship in Arctic ice-covered waters (...)’.
No model course for ice navigators, or qualification scheme for individuals who are to operate vessels in ice-covered waters
Jieying XIE, Shanghai Martime University

15. STCW- 2010 Manila Conference
The delegation of Norway proposed to introduce a new regulation 1/[4] in STCW Code.
The Conference adopted a number of resolutions, including Conference Resolution 11 on Measures to ensure the competency of masters and officers of ships operating in polar waters
Committee decided to develop training requirements and model course for navigation in polar waters, but no mandatory requirements until Polar Code adopted.
Jieying XIE, Shanghai Martime University

16. International Ice Navigation Course
The International Ice Navigators Course submitted by Transport Canada
Jieying XIE, Shanghai Martime University

17. Jieying XIE, Shanghai Martime University
Element
Knowledge
Demonstrate
Simulate
1.0 Ice Regime
1.1 Ice physics, formation, growth, ageing and stages of melt √
1.2 Ice types and concentrations
1.3 Ice reporting, coding and terminology
1.4 Ice advisories and forecasts
1.5 Signs of ice in the vicinity
1.6 Ice imagery
2.0 Regulations and publications
3.0 Vessel characteristics
3.1 Vessel types
3.2 Hull designs
3.3 Ice strengthening requirements
4.0 Manoeuvring in ice
4.1 Approaching, entering, and transiting ice
4.2 Manoeuvring astern
Jieying XIE, Shanghai Martime University

18. Jieying XIE, Shanghai Martime University
Element
Knowledge
Demonstrate
Simulate
4.3 Avoidance and freeing vessel beset √
4.4 Manoeuvring capabilities
4.5 Docking and undocking
4.6 Safety procedures during ice trasit
5.0 navigation in ice
5.1 Navigation in the Arctic
5.2 Passage Planning
6.0 Icebreaker Operations
6.1 Icebreaker communication
6.2 Icebreaker operating methods
6.4 Convoy operations
7.0 Effects of extreme low temperatures
7.1 Brittleness of ships components
7.2 Freezing of equipment
7.3 Methods and precautions in de-icing
7.4 Ships preparations for low temperatures
Jieying XIE, Shanghai Martime University

19. DNV standard for certification
95 ice navigation experts from around the world
Specifying the competence requirements for ship's officers who are expected to navigate a vessel through ice infested waters
Published in 2008
Developing standards and Certifying maritime learning programs
Jieying XIE, Shanghai Martime University

20. Jieying XIE, Shanghai Martime University
Levels of Cognition
Level 1: Knowledge (K)
To remember or to reproduce on basis of appropriate, previously learned information.
Level 2: Understanding (U)
To give meaning to new situations and/or new material by recollection and using necessary present information. To give evidence of insight in certain activities.
Level 3: Application (A)
To use previously acquired information in new and concrete situations to solve problems that have single or best answers.
Level 4: Integration (I)
To separate information into their component parts, to examine such information to develop diver- gent conclusions by identifying motives or causes, making inferences, and/or finding evidence to support generalizations. To creatively apply prior knowledge and skills to produce a new or original whole. To judge the value of material based on personal values or opinions, resulting in an end product, with a given purpose, without real right or wrong answers.
Jieying XIE, Shanghai Martime University

21. Jieying XIE, Shanghai Martime University
Examples of Competence Requirements
1.1
Regulations
Identify relevant local regulations and requirements for voyage, based on the area(s) to be transited(Northern Sea Route, Baltic, Alaska, Canadian Arctic, Greenland, Svalbard, Sea of Okhotsk, Antarctica) U
1.1.2
Act in accordance with local regulations A
1.1.3
Act in accordance with flag state stability requirement
1.1.4
Explain when an where an Ice Pilot/Navigator is required and how their services should be obtained
1.1.5
State the extent of the Antarctic Treaty Area K
1.2
Reporting requirement
1.2.1
Find details about the ship reporting system for the area you will operate in (boundaries services) I
1.2.2
Find details on how to receive ice services and ice charts in an area
1.2.3
Make an initial clearance request to enter an area(e.g. Marine Ops HQ, Ecareg, NORDREG(voluntary), AUSREP, etc.)
1.2.4
Communicate sighting of ice and icebergs to authorities
Jieying XIE, Shanghai Martime University

22. Conclusion and Suggestion
Guidelines for ships operating in polar waters
More details or uniform international standards on training need to be fulfilled or updated.
Jieying XIE, Shanghai Martime University

23. Jieying XIE, Shanghai Martime University
The universal standard shall be established by the international organization
Maritime training institutes can use it as a guide for developing courses in ice navigation.
Ice navigation simulation platform can be regard as an effective way to improve the competence of entry level ice navigators
Jieying XIE, Shanghai Martime University

24. Jieying XIE, Shanghai Martime University
The goal of training course is to reduce the risks of winter navigation and to ensure safe operations even in severe ice condition
Curriculum and syllabus of training course shall also meet the standards for maritime training set by the IMO, International Maritime Organization
Jieying XIE, Shanghai Martime University

25. Thanks for your attention
Jieying XIE, Shanghai Martime University