1. American Imperialism Chapter 18

2. What is Imperialism?
political, military, and economic domination (complete control) of strong nations over weak territories

3. Why Imperialism? Economic Causes
desire for raw materials & natural resources
need for new markets for American exports – U.S. was producing more goods than Americans could consume

4. Why Imperialism? Political / Strategic Causes
need to protect trade & U.S. interests abroad
to strengthen U.S. navy; needed for refueling stations abroad (navy bases)
USS Maine
Launched in 1889, the USS Maine was a modernized steel-plated, steam-powered battleship.

5. The Spanish-American War

6. Causes of the Spanish-American War
People of Cuba & Philippines wanted to rebel against Spain
Depression of 1890 in Cuba; Cubans revolted against Spain
Spanish used harsh tactics against Cubans (Gen. Valeriano “the Butcher” Weyler)
American press (“yellow journalism”) reported cruelties; Pulitzer & Hearst created sympathy for Cubans
American investments & property destroyed during Cuban revolt
“The Butcher” Weyler
Joseph Pulitzer, journalist for New York World

7. America Declares War
Feb 9, 1898 – DeLome Letter printed in Hearst’s Journal – called McKinley weak & stupid
Feb 15, 1898 – USS Maine exploded in Havana harbor killing 266 American sailors; press blamed Spain - “War? Sure!”
McKinley asked Congress to declare war
April 19, Congress declared war & adopted Teller Amendment – US had no intention of annexing Cuba

8. “A Splendid Little War”
Rough Riders
War fought on 2 fronts:
Caribbean (Cuba & P.R.)
Pacific (Philippines)
Commodore George Dewey led the naval destruction of Spanish fleet in Manila Bay, Philippines in May 1898; by Aug. Spanish troops surrendered
Emilio Aguinaldo led Filipino rebels against Spain
U.S. troops land in Cuba by June; T. Roosevelt led Rough Riders in Cuba – charged up San Juan Hill which opened way into Santiago harbor
Spanish-American War: Apr 25 - Aug 12, 1898; US won

10. Treaty of Paris, 1898
1. Spain recognized Cuban independence (would become a U.S. protectorate) 2. U.S. paid Spain $20 mill. to give up the Philippines 3. Guam (Pacific) and Puerto Rico ceded to the U.S. Guam still U.S. possession; Puerto Rico is a commonwealth

11. Effects of the Spanish American War
U.S. recognized as a world power & acquired an overseas empire (leads to debate over expansion)
U.S. annexation of Philippines led to Philippine-American War led by Emilio Aguinaldo (3 years; 216,000 Filipinos died & 5,000 Americans)
Philippines given independence
U.S. made Cuba a “protectorate” (Platt Amendment added to Cuba’s constitution) & soon gave Cuba independence

12. Work on this… Spanish-American War Review… Index Card:
List or draw 2 causes & 1 effect of the war
Spanish-American War
Causes & Effects

13. Debate over Expansion: Should U.S. annex Philippines
Imperialists supported expansion
Arguments:
Americans needed new frontier
New markets for American manufactured goods
New sources of raw materials
Increase in military power
Spread American ideals: Christianity, democracy, capitalism
American superiority – our “duty”

14. Debate Over Expansion: Should U.S. annex Philippines?
Anti-imperialists opposed expansion
Arguments:
Rejected nation’s foundation of “liberty for all”
Faced enough difficulties at home
Threatened democratic foundations (fear of large standing armies)
Racism – might have to absorb people of different races
Expansion would cost too much
Fear of competition in job market; lower wages

15. New Lands Come Under U.S. Flag
Hawaii (1891) U.S. annexed after queen was deposed by a wealthy planter Sanford Dole & U.S. Marines
Guam (1898) Treaty of Paris, 1898
Puerto Rico (1898) Treaty of Paris, 1898
Midway Islands (1867) U.S. occupied & annexed – for naval base
Alaska (1867) U.S. purchased from Russia for $7.2 million (“Seward’s Folly,” “Seward’s Icebox”)
Samoa (1899) U.S. acquired base at Pago Pago
Philippines (1898) Treaty of Paris, 1898

17. Panama Canal Who: Theodore Roosevelt
What: waterway linking Atlantic and Pacific Oceans; greatly reduced travel time between U.S. coastlines
When: construction began 1904; finished in 1914
Why: for commercial and strategic advantages; facilitated trade; alternative to needing separate navies for each ocean (page 606 – 607)

18. How Did U.S. Acquire Rights to Build the Canal?
Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty signed
with Panama in 1904
Panama Canal Timeline:
1) 1903: U.S. negotiated treaty w/ Colombia (Panama part of)
2) Colombian gov’t stalled treaty demanding more money
3) Roosevelt impatient – supported Panama’s revolt
4) U.S. recognized Panama’s independence, negotiated treaty w/ Panama ($10 mill; $250,000 yearly lease for 10 mile wide strip)

19. Panama Canal Today
1978 Panama Canal Treaty negotiated during Jimmy Carter’s Presidency; canal gradually transitioned to Panama’s control
Transition completed in – Panama owns and operates canal today

20. Review: What is the Monroe Doctrine?
Issued by President Monroe in 1823
We (United States) won’t bother you (Europe), you don’t bother us (Western Hemisphere)

21. Roosevelt Corollary (To Monroe Doctrine)
Why? Europeans threatened intervention in W. Hemisphere (to collect debts, etc.)
When and how stated? In Dec by Roosevelt in message to Congress
Central Message: if intervention in W. Hemisphere necessary, U.S. would intervene, not European nations

22. Roosevelt Corollary When / Where / How Tested?
Early 1900’s in Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, Haiti, Virgin Islands – U.S. used various methods of intervention
Significance / Effect on
U.S. – Latin American Relations:
Made U.S. the international police power in W. Hemis.; led to U.S. intervention; damaged relations w/ Latin American nations

23. Latin America Diplomacy
What does the word “diplomacy” mean?
managing or negotiating with other countries
Roosevelt’s Big Stick Diplomacy
Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy
Wilson’s Moral Diplomacy

24. “Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick” - T. Roosevelt
Old African proverb
Describes Roosevelt’s foreign policy:
- Use diplomacy, but have power to enforce it and protect American interests
- Intervention if necessary
- “big stick” = the U.S. navy

25. Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”
Maintain orderly societies abroad by increasing American investment in foreign economies
“Substituting “dollars for bullets”
Taft’s foreign policy not as aggressive as Roosevelt’s

26. Wilson attempts a new direction: Moral Diplomacy
1912 Wilson criticized foreign policy under TR and Taft
Wilson: promised US would not seek new territory but would work to promote “human rights, national integrity & opportunity”
Still ordered interventions in Haiti, Dominican Republic & Mexico