2. Why start a business? How do you identify an opportunity?

3. Business Activity Private Sector: Business activity owned financed and controlled by private individuals – Sole Traders – Partnerships – Private Limited Companies – Public Limited Companies (PLCs) – Co-operatives – Franchises – Charities

4. Objectives of Private Sector Business Objectives Profit Survival Share Price Market Power Sales and Sales Revenue Efficiency Quality and Innovation Image and Reputation Environment Satisficing Social Issues

5. Business Activity Public Sector: Business Activity owned, financed and controlled by the state through government or local authorities – Government – key departments set policy and monitor implementation – Local Authorities – County Councils, District Councils, Parish Councils – Health Trusts – Public Corporations – BBC

6. Objectives of Public Sector Activity Access – – available to all regardless of location or income Quality – – high quality services that do not cut corners Affordability – – services offered at prices that are cheaper than private sector or free at the point of use Equity – – available to anyone whatever their background, status, income, class, race, religion, etc.

7. Range of Business Offered by the Public Sector Road s Allotments Paths and Parks Schools Street Lighting Waste Disposa l Trading Standards Cemeteries Environmental Health Museums and Arts Economic Development and Tourism Planning Licensing Care of the Elderly Social Services

8. Business Ownership Business Ownership can be categorised by the following: Businesses with unlimited liability Businesses with limited liability Other forms of business organisation

9. Businesses with Unlimited Liability Unlimited liability means that the finances of the business are treated as inseparable from the finances of the business owner. If the business owes £1,000,000, the owner owes £1,000,000 and can be forced by court to pay for it themselves. This means selling their own private houses and cars etc. There are two types: Sole Trader, Partnership.

10. Sole Trader An individual who owns and operates their own business. There may be employees but there is only one owner who benefits financially from the business. Despite the financial dangers involved, sole traders are the most common form of ownership adopted by UK businesses. Builders, plumbers and many independent shopkeepers will be sole traders. Disadvantages include little finance available, long hours of work (including difficulty of taking a holiday), difficulties of running a business with ill health.

11. Partnerships Similar to sole trader but with more owners. Between 2 and about 52 There are advantages and disadvantages of a partnership owned business. Draw up a table of list what you think they are Advantages of partnershipDisadvantages of partnership

12. Businesses with limited liability Limited liability means that the legal duty to pay debts run up by the business stay with the business. The debt is not the owners personally. If the company owes £1,000,000 that the company cannot pay. The courts can order the business to sell all of its assets and if that is not enough the business will then be closed. The owner will have no personal liability for those debts.

13. Businesses with limited liability Limited liability companies have to go through a legal process to become a company – process of ‘incorporation’. 2 types of limited company: Private limited and Public limited. AdvantagesDisadvantages Confidence to expand due to limited liability Must publicise financial information Can borrow more moneyMany more costs associated with the rules of being a limited company e.g. Annual reports

14. Private Limited Companies Still relatively small companies. Owned by shareholders but the shares are not listed on the stock market. Shares are sold with the permission of the directors. ‘Ltd’ appears after the company’s name.

15. Public Limited Companies When a private limited company expands past a share capital of £50,000 it can convert to a ‘Plc’. This means the company will be ‘floated’ on the stock market, which allows any member of the general public to buy shares. This gives the company access to much more money to then further invest in the company.

16. Other forms of Business Organisation Co-operatives – These can be owned by the staff of the business e.g. John Lewis/ Waitrose Not-for-profit Organisation – These include charities Franchises – A business that has bought the right to trade under an established name. For example Subway in Ryde is a Franchise. It is owned by a man from the Isle of Wight who pays to use Subway’s brand.

17. Type of business Num ber ExSource of Finance Liability for Debts Profit Distribu tion Authorit y and control Sole Trader 1PlumberSelf Bank UnlimitedTo Owner Partnership2-20SolicitorPartner Bank UnlimitedPartners Ltd2+Local Brewery Above + Shares LimitedShareho lders Plc2+Sainsburi es Above Stock Ex LimitedShareho lders Board of directors

19. Task – Complete table and questions from handout p14/15.

20. Read the case study regarding Arcadia Group Limited. The situation regarding Philip Green’s ownership of the organisation will give you a clearer understanding that business ownership isn’t as simple as the previous slides suggest.

21. For next week: I want you to go to a business and ask them (probably best if the owner) what type of ownership they are? Why are they that type? Do they consider changing? Discussion at start of next lesson regarding who you spoke to and what you found out. More information the better!

22. 1.4 marks 1 for saying the type of ownership affects legal status 1 for mentioning limited and unlimited liability 2 for explaining what each means 2. 8 marks 4 marks for identifying advantage and disadvantage 1 mark for each explained 3. 8 marks 4 marks for identifying economies of scale / diversification / synergies / branding as benefits to his business. 4 marks for explaining how they make the business successful. Also answer the question directly with which of the 4 are the most important. 4. 12 marks Discuss other competition Brand cannibalism? Do Arcadia hit different market segments? Why would customers benefit from Arcadia owning many of the high street shops? Do customers have less choice because of Arcadia?