2. The Rise and Fall of Newspapers A Century of Power and Persuasion.

3. Chain Newspapers When one owner (individual or corporation) acquires more than one newspaper, it’s called a chain. The larger chains grew until they dominated the market.

4. For The Spanish-American War -New York City -- ca 1896 The New York Journal – 700,000 circulation. Pulitzer’s New York World – 800,000 circulation. The New York Sun – 150,000 circulation. Total circ-- 1,650,000

5. Against The War -- New York City ca. 1896 The New York Herald – 100,000 circulation The New York Post – 25,000 New York Tribune – 75,000 New York Times – 25,000. Total circ. 225,000

6. Pro-war outnumbers anti-war By 1.4 million readers These are BIG numbers for 1896

7. Two Newspapers Dominate the Market Journal and World 1.5 million circulation All the rest -- five papers 350,000 circulation

8. Ownership Today 1550 U.S. Cities have daily newspapers 100 U.S. Cities have two or more dailies 43 cities have two independent dailies 57 cities have two dailies -- both owned by the same company Fewer owners, fewer voices.

9. THE POINT: FEWER OWNERS, FEWER VOICES

10. Biggest Chain -- Gannett 100 Newspapers TV and radio holdings USA Today

12. Top Chains Gannett -- 90 (including USA Today, Olympian, etc.) Dow Jones -- 20 (including Wall Street Journal) Thompson -- 183 dailies (including papers in Canada, Britain, etc.) New York Times --20 (including NYT and Boston Globe) Knight-Ridder -- 31 dailies (including 49% of Seattle Times) Newhouse -- 26 dailies (including Portland) Tribune Co. -- 14 (including Chicago Tribune -- recently acquired Times Mirror with 10 more, including LA Times) Scripps-Howard -- 23 Hearst -- 12 (including PI in Seattle) Cox -- 20 News Corp. -- 3 (Murdoch, includes Boston Herald) Media News Group -- 18 Ingersoll -- 37

13. Death in the afternoon --the decline of afternoon newspapers

14. Television Becomes Advertising Mecca The Year Television First Had More Advertising Revenues Than Newspaper: 1960

15. Competition Big companies swallow little ones True competition declines The race for profits undermines journalism

16. New York City – Consolidation and Competition New York population 1900: 3,437,000 Number of newspapers: 7 New York population 2000 : 8,008,000 So how many newspapers should they have based on population increase?

17. Newspaper Scene in New York circa 2000 Number of newspapers: 3 New York Daily News, New York Post, New York Times. You can say 4 if you count Newsday which is actually a Long Island paper. Weeklies: Village Voice, New York Observer

18. Percent of Daily Newspapers Owned by Largest Newspaper Groups

19. Percent of Daily Circulation Belonging to Largest Newspaper Groups

20. Compare largest groups ownership to circulation Ownership: 39% Circulation: 69% So big groups control more readership

21. Project for Excellence in Journalism 1850 K Street NW, Suite 850 Washington, DC, 20006 “Largest newspaper groups” means the 22 top newspaper chains