1. Altered States of Consciousness
Chapter 7 in your text

2. Consciousness You are reading these words
Everything you think and feel is part of your conscious experience
Consciousness: A state of awareness, including a person’s feelings, sensations, ideas, and perceptions.

3. Rem vs NREM Venn Diagram: NREM: REM: In common: Stages 1-4
No rapid eye movement
EEG similar to waking
Night terrors
Most dreams happen here
Sleep walking/talking
Rapid eye movement
Bed wetting
Irregular breathing& heart rate
Enter as soon as you fall asleep
Limb muscles paralyzed
Takes 90 to hit 1st cycle
In common:
stages of sleep, we all experience both

4. Night Terror vs. Nightmare
Venn Diagram:
Night terror:
Nightmare:
Stage 4
REM stage
Usually affect child
We all have these
Developmental
Occur at all times throughout life
No memory of it
We retain memory of them
In common: unpleasant, occur during sleep

5. Introduction
The subject that has had a great deal of research in recent years is the study of altered states of consciousness.
Altered state of consciousness involves a change in mental processes, not just feeling more or less alert.

6. Introduction
Since at least the 1960’s, psychologists have been studying altered states of consciousness by having people sleep, meditate, undergo hypnosis, take drugs during laboratory, researchers can observe changes in behavior and measure changes in breathing, pulse rate, body temperature, and brain activity.

7. Sleep zzzzzzzzzzzzzzz
Sleep is a state of altered consciousness, characterized by certain patterns of brain activity.
There are distinct characteristics that define the multiple stages of sleep

8. Sleep zzzzzzzzzzzzzzz
Sleep is a major part of human and animal behavior
It is difficult to study because a researcher cannot ask a sleeping person to report on the experience without first waking the person.
Electroencephalogram (EEG)- Machine that records the electrical activity of the brain
By recording brain and body responses, researchers have discovered 2 different types of sleep patterns:
Non- REM, no rapid eye movement
REM, rapid eye movement

9. Stages of sleep
As you begin to fall asleep, your body temperature declines, your pulse rate drops, and your breathing grows slow and even.

10. Stages of sleep
Turn to page 159

12. How Sleep Cycles Progress
1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, 1, REM 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, REM…
At no point does your brain ever become inactive during sleep, it actually works quite hard cleaning & organizing.
Your brain prepares for the next day’s activities and challenges.

13. Stages of sleep Stage 1 – quick sleep stage, hypnagogic state
Your pulse rate slows more
Muscles relax, but breathing becomes uneven and your brain waves grow irregular
If awakened during stage 1, you would report that your were “just drifting.”
Lasts 10 minutes
Theta waves

14. Stages of sleep
Stage 2
Brain waves - high frequency bursts or spindles occur called K complexes
Eyes roll slowly from side to side

15. Stages of sleep Stage 3 30 minutes after entering stage 2
Deeper stage of sleep
EEG shows high amplitude, low frequency waves and some delta waves begin

16. Stages of sleep Stage 4 Deepest sleep of all
EEG shows deep DELTA WAVES
Difficult to awaken in this stage
State of oblivion, you feel disoriented if alarm sounds while in this stage
Talking out loud, sleepwalking, night terrors, and bed-wetting occur in this stage, leave no trace of memory
Slowed heart & respiration, lowered body temperature, lower blood flow, growth hormone secreted

17. Stage 4: Sleep disorder Night Terrors Intense screaming and panic
NREM, stage 4
Usually during 1st few hours of sleep
Drastic body movements
Associated with panic
Most likely to occur in children, child is inconsolable

18. Stage 4: Sleep Disorder
Sleep walking/ talking- random electrical impulses hit parts of the brain that controls bad movement and speech, occurs during stage 4

19. Other Sleep Disorders Insomnia
Narcolepsy
Sleep apnea

20. Stages of sleep
On average, a person spends % of sleep time in Stages 1-4 ( known as NREM or non-REM)
You spend on average % of sleep time in final stage called REM = “Rapid Eye Movement”
REM sleep: The period of sleep during which the eyes dart back and forth (rapid eye movement) and dreams and nightmares occurs, limb muscles are temporarily paralyzed
takes about 90 minutes before you hit this stage for 1st time during night

21. REM Pulse rate and breathing become irregular
Levels of adrenal and sexual hormones in your blood rise, as if you were in the middle of an intensely emotional or physically demanding activity
Face and fingers twitch
Brain sends out waves that closely resemble those of a person who is fully awake = EEG similar to wakefulness

22. REM Called “active sleep” Lasts for about 10 minutes 1st time in it
Throughout the night, time in REM sleep increase
Usually enter REM 5 to 6 times per night
Essential stage of sleep, your body keeps track of time in REM like the bank
If you are REM deprived for the week, your body will force you into REM stage sooner and for longer amounts of time – REM Rebound

23. REM Sleep REM often referred to as Paradoxical Sleep
Why? What is a contradictory about REM sleep?
Eye move about rapidly, BUT skeletal muscles paralyzed
Deep, essential stage of sleep, BUT EEG readings resemble Alpha (awake) waves not deep(delta) sleep waves

24. Dreams If you are dreaming, you are likely in REM sleep
Nightmares are simply unpleasant dreams, that happen in REM

25. Nightmares Small portions of our dreams REM
Usually occur in second half of night’s sleep
Frightening quality, vivid images
common to awaken in the
middle of them
Have more if in REM Rebound
Intensity of brain activity

26. Content of Dreams
Large percentage of dreams are negative or unpleasant
Anxiety, anger, sadness
We incorporate everyday activities into our dreams
Can manipulate the content of a person’s dreams
Light water spray 42%
Light 23%
Tone 9%

27. Dreams
Everyone dreams although most people only recall only a few, if any of their dreams
As night wears on, dreams become longer and more vivid and dramatic, especially during REM because we spend more time in REM
Last dream is likely to be the longest and the one people remember when they wake up

28. How much sleep? Newborns 16 year olds Grad school
16-18 hours
Half of it in REM
16 year olds
10-11 hours of sleep, signs of sleep deprivation:
Grad school
8 hours
Men & Women 70 years and older
May need only 5 hours of sleep
Amount of sleep a person needs may vary, it does appear that everyone sleeps and that both types of sleep are important to normal functioning.

29. Sleeping, where…?
Peter Trip’s Story

30. Freud & Dream Interpretation
Sigmund Freud 1st to argue that dreams are an important part of our emotional lives & a window into our unconscious mind (Id)
dreams are a psychological process
Dreams contain clues of desires the dreamer is afraid to acknowledge or express in waking hours
All dreams have two layers:
1) hidden underlying meaning called latent content
2) the storyline you remember is called the manifest content
Dream of hats lately? = represented genitalia

31. Dream Interpretation Nathaniel Kleitman Pioneer of REM sleep
“Dreaming may serve no function”
Unimportant bi-product of stimulating certain brain cells during sleep

32. McCarley & Hobson (Cognitive Theorists)
Activation-Synthesis Theory
Hobson & McCarley, 1977
This theory suggests that the physiological processes of the brain cause dreams.
Circuits in the brain stem are activated during REM sleep = the pons generates bursts of action potentials to the forebrain
Our brain uses stored memories, experiences, concerns, emotions and expectations to create stories to make sense of the electrical impulses discharged in the brain
Feeling paralyzed in a dream simply means that brain cells that inhibit muscle activity were randomly stimulated

33. Dream Theory Cognitive Information-Processing Theory-
People sleep in order to process information that has been acquired during the day.
Physiological triggers occur and our imagination creates a story line of recent stored memories
Sleep allows the brain to prepare for the next day
Some research also suggests that sleep helps cement the things we have learned during the day into long-term memory.
Babies need more REM than adults = they have lots more new information to process

34. More Dream Theory
Evolutionary Theory of Sleep (Adaptive Theory of Sleep)
Periods of activity and inactivity evolved as a means of conserving energy.
Unique waking-sleep cycle maximize our chances of survival (for all animals including humans)
Species sleep during periods of time when wakefulness would be the most hazardous.

35. Dream Theory Evolutionary Theory Evidence:
Animals that have few natural predators, such as bears and lions, often sleep between 12 to 15 hours each day. On the other hand, animals that have many natural predators have only short periods of sleep, usually getting no more than 4 or 5 hours of sleep each day.

36. Dreams
Dream dictionary

37. Meditation
Focus concentration away from thoughts and feelings in order to create calmness, tranquility and inner peace
Various methods of meditation
Various proven health benefits
Classwork, READ article about meditation.
Write a 1 paragraph summary, include methods and health benefits
Write 2nd paragraph your personal reaction to article
We are meditating next: bring yoga mat, towel or blanket to lie on

38. Hypnosis
Hypnosis: Is a form of altered consciousness in which people become highly suggestible and do not use their critical thinking skills.
Subjects may recall in vivid detail incidents they had forgotten or feel no pain when pricked with a needle
Subjects are not asleep

39. Hypnosis Trace like state Hypnotist
Highly receptive and responsive to certain internal and external stimuli
Able to focus on 1 tiny aspect of reality and ignore the rest
Hypnotist
Induces a trance by slowly persuading a subject to relax and to lose interest in external distractions

40. Hallucinations
Hallucinations: Perceptions that have no direct external cause, seeing, smelling, tasting, or feeling things that do not exist
Can produce hallucinations:
Hypnosis, meditation, drugs, withdraw from drugs
People hallucinate while dreaming and when deprived of sleep

41. Drugs and Their Effects
Covered in your AP Textbook assignment.
Need to know the 4 categories of psychoactive drugs, what they do to the body and examples of each
1. Depressants – barbiturates, valium, alcohol
2. Narcotics /Opioids– opium, heroin, morphine, Demerol, methadone
3. Stimulants -Ritalin, cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines
(yes, for ADD & ADHD, you prescribe a hyper child a stimulant, but it mellows out the child/ very counterintuitive but true)
4. Hallucinogens – LSD, marijuana

42. Drugs and Their Effects
Psychological effects – person had intense desire to use despite adverse effects
versus
Physiological dependence – blood chemistry changes from taking the drug, need to take drug repeatedly to avoid withdraw symptoms