1. Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines (“HICEs”)
EARTH PICTURE AT:
HYDROGEN MOLECULE PICTURE AT:

2. Hydrogen Policy Described
Mandate the CAA CFFP program nationwide
Mandate the CPP nationwide
Tax incentives for auto companies to: develop HICE vehicles, engage in R & D partnerships, and establish a H2 infrastructure
Funded research into H2 production and storage
More funding for HICE
R & D
H2 as a natural gas additive –15% pipelines
Fossil fuel disincentives
CAA amendments, some support for: 6 ENVTL 306, at * 424, 427, Environmental Lawyer, Mobile Source Air Pollution Control, February See also See also Ashley Morris Bale, 15 VAELJ 213 at *219, 242, 252, Virginia Environmental Law Journal, The Newest Frontier in Motor Vehicle Emission Control: The Clean Fuel Vehicle,
NEED RESEARCH FUNDING: John Carey, Getting Smart About Oil, Business Week, February 24, 2003 p. 99, 104; See also Neela Banerjee, White House and Europe to Cooperate on Hydrogen – But Different Energy Approaches Emerge, New York Times, March 7, 2003 p. C2
NEED CONTINUED SUPPORT FROM INDUSTRY, GOVERNMENT: (look in archives 2003), Show: Living on Earth, February 7, 2003, White House H Initiative, by Anna Solomon-Greenbaum
INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT NEEDED: (Hydrogen blending with Internal Combustion Engines); See also Wall Street Journal, March 7, 2003, Green Dream: Hydrogen Fuel May be Clean But Getting It Here Looks Messy, Jeffrey Ball, p A6
NEED R&D: (Hydrogen blending with Internal Combustion Engines)
NATURAL GAS ADDITIVE: “Hydrogen Fuel Cell Engines. Module 3: Hydrogen Use in Internal Combustion Engines, Hydrogen Fuel Cell Engines and Related Technologies: Rev. 0, December 2001
FOSSIL FUEL DISINCENTIVES: John Carey, Getting Smart About Oil, Business Week, February 24, 2003, p 104-5

3. Problems H2 policy should address:
Consumer access to a H2/ LH2 infrastructure (centralized or decentralized)
Government investment into HICE vehicle development
Government funding for H2 production
Establishment of uniform safety rules for H2 production, storage, and handling
POWERLINE PICTURE AT: infrastructure/pipetower.jpg
REGULATIONS PICTURE AT: RoboCup/regulations.gif
GAS MAN PICTURE AT: images/cgi_gl.jpg
REFUELING MAN AT: fill-up-2.jpg
PLANE/ CAR PICTURE AT: navy/dave2.gif
TELESCOPE PICTURE AT: technology/telescope.jpg
RESEARCH PICTURE AT: research/research.jpg

4. CONCLUSIONS
HICEs are a viable alternative for bridging the gap to the H2 fuel cell economy
HICEs may be a viable long-term possibility as the ICE has undergone 100 years of refinement
To lessen greenhouse gases and foreign oil dependence, the government should encourage the transition to the H2 economy with large investments in R&D, subsidies and tax incentives, and CAA amendments
BACKGROUND AT: dons.usfca.edu/tranha01/thinker.jpg

5. Encouraging HICEs Empirically
Today’s safer, cleaner vehicles are the result of regulations
Subsidies vs. Taxes:
Auto companies’ ability to absorb further costs
Loss of revenues from fossil fuel taxes
Tech-forcing
REGULATIONS EMPIRICALLY SOLVE: Ashley Morris Bale, 15 VAELJ 213 at *219, Virginia Environmental Law Journal, The Newest Frontier in Motor Vehicle Emission Control: The Clean Fuel Vehicle, See also The internal-combustion engine is very far from dead, The Knowledge Management Team, The Centre for Future Studies, July See also Automotive Engineering Online, April 2002 Tech Brief, Ford Hydrogen Engine
SUBSIDIES VS TAXES: The internal-combustion engine is very far from dead, The Knowledge Management Team, The Centre for Future Studies, July 2002
HYDROGEN TRANSPORT PICTURE AT: organize/traffic2.jpg

6. Status Quo HICE Policy February, 2003 proposal DOE-EU agreement
Senator Dorgan’s proposal
Freedom car
Demonstrated refueling
Commercial codes, standards
H cost equivalent to gas
H ICEs
Improved manufacturing
BUSH PROGRAM: Wall Street Journal, March 7, 2003, Green Dream: Hydrogen Fuel May be Clean But Getting It Here Looks Messy, Jeffrey Ball, p p A1
DOE-EU: New York Times, March 7, 2003, White House and Europe to Cooperate on Hydrogen – But Different Energy Approaches Emerge, Neela Banerjee, p. C2 DORGAN: (look in archives 2003), Show: Living on Earth, February 7, 2003, White House H Initiative, by Anna Solomon-Greenbaum
FREEDOM CAR: FreedomCAR: Energy Security for America’s Transportation [Agreement between DOE and U.S. Council February 5, 2002
FREEDOM CAR LOGO AT: freedom_car_logo_small.jpg
DOE LOGO AT: _borders/DOE.gif
DORGAN PHOTO AT: dorgan2.jpg
EU MAP AT: EnlargementMapSm.jpg
BUSH PHOTO AT:

7. Foreign Oil Dependence
Imported oil comprises 55% of U.S. consumption
Transportation comprises 2/3 of 20 million bbl/day in U.S.
H2 vehicles would reduce consumption by 11 million bbl/day by 2040 (EU plans 20% by 2020)
55%: John Carey, Getting Smart About Oil, Business Week, February 24, 2003 p. 96
TRANSPORTATION IS 2/3 OF 20M: John Carey, Getting Smart About Oil, Business Week, February 24, p 104
H2 VEHICLES = 11 M BBL DECREASE: (look in archives 2003), Show: Living on Earth, February 7, 2003, White House H Initiative, by Anna Solomon-Greenbaum , quoting Bush
EU: New York Times, March 7, 2003, White House and Europe to Cooperate on Hydrogen – But Different Energy Approaches Emerge, Neela Banerjee, p. C2
PICTURE AT: simple/images/road.jpg

8. EARLY HISTORY OF H2 1800: Electrolysis
1820: Reverend W. Cecil proposes HICE
1874: Jules Verne
’s: N.A. Otto uses ICEs and mixed H fuel
’s: Rudolf Erren develops HICEs
1950: Francis T. Bacon
ELECTROLYSIS: Peter Hoffman, Tomorrow’s Energy- Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and the Prospect for a Cleaner Planet, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts , p. 28
CECIL: “Hydrogen Fuel Cell Engines. Module 3: Hydrogen Use in Internal Combustion Engines, Hydrogen Fuel Cell Engines and Related Technologies: Rev. 0, December 2001 JULES VERNE: Peter Hoffman, Tomorrow’s Energy- Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and the Prospect for a Cleaner Planet, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts , p. 29
OTTO: “Hydrogen Fuel Cell Engines. Module 3: Hydrogen Use in Internal Combustion Engines, Hydrogen Fuel Cell Engines and Related Technologies: Rev. 0, December 2001
ERREN: Peter Hoffman, Tomorrow’s Energy- Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and the Prospect for a Cleaner Planet, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts p 33-36
BACON: Peter Hoffman, Tomorrow’s Energy- Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and the Prospect for a Cleaner Planet, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts p 37-8
JULES VERNE PICTURE AT: j/Jules%20Verne.jpg
OTTO CYCLE ENGIEN PICTURE AT: techni.tachemie.uni-leipzig.de/ .../versuchsmotor1876.gif

9. Military Research into H Vehicles
1943: Air Force investigates LH2 fuel
1956: Lockheed
1960’s: ‘Nuclear Powered Energy Depot’
AIR FORCE: Peter Hoffman, Tomorrow’s Energy- Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and the Prospect for a Cleaner Planet, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts p39
LOCKHEED: Peter Hoffman, Tomorrow’s Energy- Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and the Prospect for a Cleaner Planet, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts p 39-40
NUCLEAR DEPOT: Peter Hoffman, Tomorrow’s Energy- Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and the Prospect for a Cleaner Planet, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts p 40
B-57 PICTURE AT: history.nasa.gov/ SP-4306/ch8.htm
A B-57B airplane that flew with one
engine fueled by liquid hydrogen

10. The Modern Era of HICEs
1972: Urban Vehicle Design Competition – UCLA Gremlin wins
1972-3: International H2indenburg society
1980’s: H-fueled airplanes (NASA continues to study
FC airplanes)
UCLA: Peter Hoffman, Tomorrow’s Energy- Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and the Prospect for a Cleaner Planet, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts p 39
H2INDENBURG SOCIETY: Peter Hoffman, Tomorrow’s Energy- Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and the Prospect for a Cleaner Planet, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts p 42
AIRPLANES: Peter Hoffman, Tomorrow’s Energy- Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and the Prospect for a Cleaner Planet, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts p 44, 46
NASA studying FC planes: september00/
GREMLIN PICTURE AT: history/hcar.gif

11. MODERN H2 VEHICLES 1993: Ballard FC bus developed 1995+ CTA FC buses
Royal Dutch/ Shell
FC prototype cars
BMW HICE vehicles
H refueling stations
open
ALL INFORMATION FROM: Peter Hoffman, Tomorrow’s Energy- Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and the Prospect for a Cleaner Planet, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts p 48, 49, 50, 51, 99
BALLARD BUS PICTURE AT: vehicle_9_lg_pic.jpg
Ballard phase 3 FC buses,
in Vancouver and Chicago

12. 1990’S SOLAR H2 PRODUCTION 1990: Solar-Wasserstoff- Bayern
1992: Freiburg solar plant
Produces, stores H2, LH2
1994: HYSOLAR Saudi-
German plant
ALL INFORMATION FROM: Peter Hoffman, Tomorrow’s Energy- Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and the Prospect for a Cleaner Planet, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts p 47, 48
HYSOLAR PICTURE AT: Hysolar_start.jpg
REFUELING WASSERSTOFF-BAYERN PICTURE AT: pict/09sowa/tank.jpg

13. Companies making HICE prototypes
Daimler-Benz: hydride HICEs,
GM has created a HICE prototypes
Mazda, Cadillac: HICEs and hydride HICEs
Mazda hydride HR-X prototype
DAIMLER: Peter Hoffman, Tomorrow’s Energy- Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and the Prospect for a Cleaner Planet, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts p 49, 125
GM: H ICE Cars- visited 2/4/2003
MAZDA: H ICE Cars- visited 2/4/2003
CADILLAC:
MAZDA PICTURE AT: green/mazda1.jpg
CADILLAC PICTURE AT: cadillacconcept.JPG
Cadillac prototype HICE

14. Ford & BMW HICEs
BMW: 1999 fifth generation prototype, LH2 commercially available
FORD PICTURES AT: Hydrogen-ICE-Vehicle-125.jpg & p2000_hydrogen_350x234.jpg
BMW PICTURE AT: story.hydrogen.bmw.02.jpg
Ford: 1999 announced P2000
HICE (H2, LH2)

15. H Refueling Stations
2003:
Shell plans a H2 refueling station in Luxemburg; others in California, Iceland, Japan, Holland, Norway
California, Arizona, Nevada, Illinois H2 refueling stations
Washington, D.C. demo refueling project planned
EC International Hydrofueler Project
Reykjavik, Iceland H2 bus refueling station opens
1999: Hamburg, Munich, Dearborn
Honda solar H2 station
in Torrance, Ca.
SHELL INFORMATION AT:
H2 STATIONS: See also
GM/ SHELL D.C. PROJECT: Wall Street Journal, March 7, 2003, Green Dream: Hydrogen Fuel May be Clean But Getting It Here Looks Messy, Jeffrey Ball, p A1
EC HYDROFUELER PROJECT: pid388.php (a three year agreement aimed at establishing a hydrogen infrastructure at natural gas fueling stations) (“Countries involved in the project include France, Italy, Norway, and the United Kingdom. A number of high-tech solutions will be used to build a small, onsite reactor to convert, or reform, natural gas to hydrogen fuel. Managing heat and pressure within the reactor and using nanocrystaline catalysts can increase the efficiency of the reactions, making the reforming process cost effective. The project is due to run until the end of 2005, but even in its first months it has attracted the interest of ExxonMobil and BMW. Source: Engineeringtalk, 10 February 2003”)
ICELAND:
HAMBURG/ MUNICH/ DEARBORN: Peter Hoffman, Tomorrow’s Energy- Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and the Prospect for a Cleaner Planet, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts , p. 99
MUNICH REFUELING PICTURE AT: images/refuel-station.jpg
CALIFORNIA STATION PICTURE AT: world.honda.com/news/2001/ image/c010710a.jpeg
LH2 refueling station,
Munich airport

16. How HICEs Work 2H2+02= 2H20 + heat H behaves like octane
Compressed H2 takes up more room than gas
Unlike gas, which needs strict air-fuel ratio
More explosive than gas, timing critical
Injected fuel delivery
BMW Hydrogen 7
Series IC Engine
FORMULA, OCTANE, TAKES UP ROOM, AIR-FUEL RATIO, EXPLOSIVE INFROMATION FROM: H ICE Cars- visited 2/4/2003
INJECTED FUEL: Hydrogen Fuel Cell Engines. Module 3: Hydrogen Use in Internal Combustion Engines, Hydrogen Fuel Cell Engines and Related Technologies: Rev. 0, December 2001 (regular vehicles use a carburetor, like a perfume atomizer, while a fuel injector sprays fuel directly into the cylinder).
HICE BUS PHOTO AT: env/h2bus.jpg
BMW HICE ENGINE AT: env/alt_fuel.shtml
BMW HICE bus engine

17. Converting ICEs to HICEs
Same basic design
Minimum cost: 1,000$
Other modifications needed
for power, safety, efficiency
Limited availability
1994 CAN Project
SAME DESIGN, COST, OTHER MODIFICATIONS: (HICE cars).
CAN: Peter Hoffman, Tomorrow’s Energy- Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and the Prospect for a Cleaner Planet, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts at 55.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON CAN AT: (Ford Rangers converted to run as HICEs could also run on hythane or CH4).
BACKGROUND PICTURE AT: lesson/ch4/lasmog.gif

18. H-Gas Mixtures H2 can be used as an additive - pipelines
HYTHANE: commercially available, 20%H, 80% CH4. Higher percentages of H require engine modifications
separately to blend with other fuels; mixed in gaseous state before injection (impractical)
Low boiling point causes fuel ice
ALL H-GAS MIXTURE INFORMATION: Hydrogen Fuel Cell Engines. Module 3: Hydrogen Use in Internal Combustion Engines, Hydrogen Fuel Cell Engines and Related Technologies: Rev. 0, December 2001
PIPELINES: H2/CH4 can be stored together and introduction of H2 along current CH4 pipelines is feasible, in concentrations of up to 15%; in the near term, CH4 pipelines could be retrofitted for H2 transportation. ( 700 miles of H2 pipelines exist in the U.S. but transport of H2 for transportation purposes will require larger pipelines, though in the long term, localized distribution will lessen the need for pipelines. (Hearing on the “Energy Pipeline Research, Development, and Demonstration Act,” Testimony of Nirmal Chatterjee, Vice President of Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. before the House Science Committee, Subcommittee on Energy, at:
BACKGROUND PICTURE AT: images1/explore.jpg

19. H Onboard Storage Issues
EFFICIENCY: Gasoline is the benchmark
Ambient state demands binding H to a hydride, gas compression, or cryogenic cooling
No consensus
Infrastructure cost vs. onboard extraction
CARB vs. Ford
INFORMATION FROM: Peter Hoffman, Tomorrow’s Energy- Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and the Prospect for a Cleaner Planet, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts p 103, 104, 107-8, 112
HYDRIDE PICTURE AT: hydrogen.jpg
Metal Hydride

20. Hydride Storage 1960’s R&D in the U.S. & Netherlands
Metal alloys, absorb H2 at higher temp./ pressures
Heat released when H2 absorbed, same heat required to release H2
D-B used radiator heat to de-bond H2 but dropped hydrides for FC buses, methanol FC cars
Toyota*, Mercedes, D-B experimented with hydrides
INFORMATION FROM: Peter Hoffman, Tomorrow’s Energy- Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and the Prospect for a Cleaner Planet, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts p 103, 107-8, 125 (As of 1996, only Toyota was continuing research into hydride use in vehicles).
TITANIUM PICTURE AT: news21/pigment.gif (Electron micrograph of titanium)

21. HYDRIDE GRAPHIC AT: www.hydrogencomponents.com/ Resources/15comp.gif

22. Hydride Viability Advantages: Disadvantages:
Storage: the H takes up no extra room
Efficiency: hydrides carry more energy per volume than LH2 (‘compressed’ >1000x) & carry 2.2X more than compressed H2 at 5,000 psi
Safety: no onboard tank of H2 or LH2
Disadvantages:
Weight: a 100-liter titanium-iron tank has X energy as 100 liters of LH2 but weighs 25X
HYDRIDE INFORMATION FROM: Peter Hoffman, Tomorrow’s Energy- Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and the Prospect for a Cleaner Planet, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts p 103, 107, 108, 125
EFFICIENCY INFORMATION FROM: applications_hydrogen.html
CAR PICTURE AT: fuelback.jpg
FC & iron-titanium-magnesium hydride

23. Compressed Gas Onboard Storage
Compressed H2 storage has been used in:
Mercedes NECAR-2
Ford FC concept car
Daimler-Chrysler FC buses
Neoplan vehicles
INFORMATION FROM: Peter Hoffman, Tomorrow’s Energy- Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and the Prospect for a Cleaner Planet, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts , p 103
Compressed gas storage possible, no fuel pump needed: H ICE Cars- visited 2/4/2003
Pictures of compressed gas vehicles at: wasserstoff/Neoplan.jpg
Picture of Quantum storage container at: June /Comp...

24. Compressed H2 Onboard Storage
ADVANTAGES:
Easiest form of H storage
DISADVANTAGES:
Backfire, engine knock are problematic
Despite extreme pressure, compressed tanks occupy so much space that they are only practical for buses or vans
BACKFIRE PROBLEMATIC:
SPACE PROBLEMS: wasserstoff/Neoplan
Picture from: europa.eu.int/comm/research/energy/ images/hy3_chrysler.jpg

25. Cryogenic Liquid Hydrogen (LH2) Onboard Storage
Cryogenically-cooled LH2 is BMW’s preference
The Musashi Institute of Technology has also investigated this
Requires an extremely pressurized tank to keep the LH2 in liquid form
BMW’S PREFERENCE: Peter Hoffman, Tomorrow’s Energy- Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and the Prospect for a Cleaner Planet, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts p 103
MUSASHI INS. TECH: Peter Hoffman, Tomorrow’s Energy- Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and the Prospect for a Cleaner Planet, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts P 124
PRESSURIZED TANK: Peter Hoffman, Tomorrow’s Energy- Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and the Prospect for a Cleaner Planet, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts P 103
LH2: fuel/hydrogen02.html (Green Building Concepts H Fuel I-C Engine)
BMW PICTURE AT:
A BMW, “in operation since 1990, equipped with an aluminum alloy tank that carries 120 liters of LH2 and with a 68 kg aluminium-alloy tank with a capacity of about 120 liters of LH2”. From:

26. Viability of onboard LH2 storage
ADVANTAGES:
Lowest cost/ unit energy
Lowest weight/ unit energy
Easier supply logistics
Fast refueling
DISADVANTAGES:
Loss of fuel when not operational
Large tank needed
Cryogenic engineering obstacles
Energy to cool LH2
ADVANTAGES INFORMATION AT: Peter Hoffman, Tomorrow’s Energy- Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and the Prospect for a Cleaner Planet, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts , p 105, 106
H2 EVAPORATION: Wall Street Journal, March 7, 2003, Green Dream: Hydrogen Fuel May be Clean But Getting It Here Looks Messy, Jeffrey Ball, p A6
ONBOARD STORAGE PICTURE AT: hydrogen/20283.html
POWERLINE PICTURE AT: news.bbc.co.uk/.../world/europe/ newsid_ / stm

27. Other Possible Storage Methods:
CARBON-BASED FUEL EXTRACTION: depending on the availability of H2/ LH2, for both HICEs and FC vehicles, the onboard production of hydrogen is a possibility, from carbon-based fuels
NANOTECHNOLOGY:graphite nanofiber tubes store 65% H2 by weight.
-DOE funded, then withdrew
-Ford continued the R&D
-GM later questioned the 65%
CARBON-BASED FUEL & NANOTECH INFORMATION AT: Peter Hoffman, Tomorrow’s Energy- Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and the Prospect for a Cleaner Planet, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts , p 103,
PICTURE FROM: nano lab/gallery.htm

28. GPAPHIC AT: http://www. jxj
GPAPHIC AT: (presumably envisioning a centralized initial H2 infrastructure).

29. Hydrogen Sources
H is a common element but must be pried from other substances and thus is not an energy ‘source’
A consensus exists that H2 is an ideal fuel, but not about the ideal source
The best production alternative may vary by locality
PRIED: Wall Street Journal, March 7, 2003, Green Dream: Hydrogen Fuel May be Clean but Getting it Here Looks Messy, Jeffrey Ball, p A1, A6.
IDEAL, REGIONAL BEST: New York Times, March 7, 2003, White House and Europe to Cooperate on Hydrogen – But Different Energy Approaches Emerge, Neela Banerjee, p. C2.
NATURE PICTURES at: scan/.iso & scan/.iso
ELECTROLYSIS PICTURE: electrolysis/electrolysis.gif
METHANE PICTURE AT: waterquality.montana.edu/docs/ methane/images/ch4.JPG
NUCLEAR LOGO AT: gifs/nuclear.GIF
COAL PICTURE AT: louie/class/plate/coal.gif
METHANOL FORMULA AT: scidiv.bcc.ctc.edu/ wv/e1/methanol.gif
H2-PRODUCING BACTERIA AT: chem.ch.huji.ac.il/.../biofuel/ biofuel_cells_bacteria10.jpg & Chlamy_files/image003.jpg
WIND PICTURE AT: h2/h2_page2.htm

30. ELECTROLYSIS Produces almost pure H2 (electricity through water)
Electrodes in conductive water (with an electrolyte) produce H2 at the - & O at the +
ADVANTAGES:
Produces almost pure H2 (electricity through water)
Could be powered with cool renewables
Hydrogen is abundant
No moving parts; servicing rarely necessary
DISADVANTAGES:
Currently not cost competitive
Fossil fuel-powered electrolysis
Amount of energy needed to divide H2O = amount given off when H2 burns
INFORMATION ABOUT HOW ELECTROLYSIS WORKS: Peter Hoffman, Tomorrow’s Energy- Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and the Prospect for a Cleaner Planet, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts p 59-60, 61 (cool renewables make pure H gas unlike H derived from fossil fuels which produce ‘contaminated’ H2)
ELECTROLYSIS PRODUCES ALMOST PURE H2 AT: How can we create H molecules? .
ELECTROLYSERS HAVE NO MOVING PARTS: Peter Hoffman, Tomorrow’s Energy- Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and the Prospect for a Cleaner Planet, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts , p 61
ELECTROLYSIS NOT COST COMPETITIVE:
ELECTROLYSIS PICTURE AT: graphic/1833_faraday.jpg

31. Solar-Powered Electrolysis
Honda doing this in Torrance, California
HYSOLAR: began making H2 in 1994
Solar-Wasserstoff-Bayern in Bavaria
CAN project
HONDA: Wall Street Journal, March 7, 2003, Green Dream: Hydrogen Fuel May be Clean but Getting it Here Looks Messy, Jeffrey Ball, p A1, A6.
HYSOLAR, SWB, CAN: Peter Hoffman, Tomorrow’s Energy- Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and the Prospect for a Cleaner Planet, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts , p 53-57
BACKGROUND PICTURE AT: jan2002_1.html

32. Nuclear-powered Electrolysis
It’s a feasible alternative
Anti-nuclear sentiment may prevent nuclear H2 production
NRDC opposed; spent fuel
NUCLEAR ELECTROLYSIS FEASIBLE: (IssueWatch: BMW produces ‘dual-fuel’ internal-combustion engine… Minnesota Issue Watch, October 2001, Science and Technology) p 8
NRDC OPPOSED: (look in archives 2003), Show: Living on Earth, February 7, 2003, White House H Initiative, by Anna Solomon-Greenbaum
NUCLEAR PLANT PICTURE AT: nuclear%20power%20plant.jpg

33. Making H2 from Natural Gas
Stripping H2 from natural gas is called ‘reforming’
Reforming natural gas emits CO2
Outfitting a gas station with a machine to reform natural gas would cost $400,000 (building a conventional gas station costs $1,500,000)
REFORMING INFORMATION FROM: Wall Street Journal, March 7, 2003, Green Dream: Hydrogen Fuel May be Clean But Getting It Here Looks Messy, Jeffrey Ball, p p A6. See also (The cheapest way to produce H2 if by stripping it from CH4 through ‘reformation’. This produces some CO2.)
METHANOL AS A H2 SOURCE FROM: The internal-combustion engine is very far from dead, The Knowledge Management Team, The Centre for Future Studies, July 2002
PICTURE OF PLUTO (CONTAINING ETHANE) AT: news.bbc.co.uk/.../395000/images/ _399324_pluto_spect300.jpg

34. Getting H2 from Coal Coal-fired utilities can power electrolysis
The current administration is attempting to build a coal-fired plant that emits no CO2
SEQUESTRATION PLANT: New York Times, March 7, 2003, White House and Europe to Cooperate on Hydrogen – But Different Energy Approaches Emerge, Neela Banerjee, p. C2.
SEQUESTRATION DIAGRAM AT: gas_eng_347x383.gif

35. Underground CO2 Sequestration
Proposed plant would remove CO2, sequester it , and turn coal into a gas from which H2 is made
The prototype plant is ¼ the size of a large coal-burning plant
In 1986, CO2 escaped from Cameroon’s Lake Nyos and killed 1,700 villagers
INFORMATION ABOUT THE 1$ BILLION DOLLAR PLANT AT: John J. Fialka, U.S. Plans Plant that Won’t emit CO2 Wall Street Journal, February 27, 2003 p A4
UNDERGROUND SEQUESTRATION RISKS: Chicago Tribune, Monday January 27, 2003, Earth a solution to air pollution? Page 1
AFRICA MAP AT: africa-map.gif
NATURAL GAS PICTURE AT:

36. H2 Production from Bacteria
Some anaerobic bacteria can produce H2 at 20 times their volume per minute
When starved of sulfur, Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii makes H2, one of ten most important discoveries in 2000
(popular science magazine)
PHOTOBIOLOGY INFORMATION FROM: John Carey, Getting Smart About Oil, Business Week, February 24, 2003, at 104. See also See also See also
BACTERIA PICTURE AT: sale/Chlamy_phase.jpg

37. Power Output of HICEs Challenges facing HICEs:
Backfiring common - premature ignition near the fuel intake valve
To reduce Nox, the air/fuel ratio can be increased, reducing power output to half a gasoline engine’s
To compensate for lost power, HICE engines are usually larger or have superchargers
Ford claims that superchargers provide near-zero emissions and power equal to a gas engine
Power Output of HICEs
INFORMATION ABOUT IGNITION AND FUEL RATIO FROM: Hydrogen Fuel Cell Engines. Module 3: Hydrogen Use in Internal Combustion Engines, Hydrogen Fuel Cell Engines and Related Technologies: Rev. 0, December 2001
INFORMATION ABOUT FORD & SUPERCHARGERS FROM: H ICE Cars- visited 2/4/2003; See also Stefan Geiger, Fuel Cell Today, January 7, 2003, Ford Model U concept car,
PICTURE AT: sportcai.gif

38. Are HICEs unsafe at any speed?
H2 is volatile and is 10x more explosive than gasoline
H leaks and static present risks
Special sensors and ducts that pull in fresh air may be necessary whenever HICEs are parked indoors
Stringent, universal safety regulations are needed for storage, handling, and disposal of H2
MORE EXPLOSIVE: H ICE Cars- visited 2/4/2003
LEAKS/ STATIC/ DUCTWORK: Wall Street Journal, March 7, 2003, Green Dream: Hydrogen Fuel May be Clean But Getting It Here Looks Messy, Jeffrey Ball, p A1, A6 p A1
INFORMATION ABOUT SAFETY REGULATIONS: The internal-combustion engine is very far from dead, The Knowledge Management Team, The Centre for Future Studies, July 2002, at
PICTURE FROM: assessments.ncspearson.com/assessments/ assets/road.jpg

39. BMW Tests indicate HICEs are Safe
’94 BMW: safety valves of double-walled LH2 tanks were blocked, cooked, shaken, rammed with pole; slow LH2 leak, no explosion
H2 escaped after 10 minutes in open fire; burned with no effect on tank
OTHER TESTS: some tanks burst under extreme pressure buildup
BMW TESTS: Peter Hoffman, Tomorrow’s Energy- Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and the Prospect for a Cleaner Planet, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts p 127
FLAME PICTURE AT: fire.html
CAR PICTURE AT: images/image1.gif

40. Ford’s 2000 H2, LH2 vehicles
Model U concept car: 3 millimeter aluminum barrier tank, carbon-fiber structural casing, rated to a pressure of 10,000 psi
P2000 FUEL system - redundancy for safety:
fueling system under trunk
Triple redundant system based on natural gas, designed to use H2 natural dispersion
H2 ventilators
Sensors in engine, passenger and trunk compartments
Alarms triggered at concentrations below flammability
H2 detected = fuel system/engine starter disable, roof opens, ventilation fans activate
FORD TANK INFORMATION FROM: Stefan Geiger, Fuel Cell Today, January 7, 2003, Ford Model U concept car,
P2000 FUEL SYSTEM INFORMATION FROM: Automotive Engineering Online, April 2002 Tech Brief, Ford Hydrogen Engine
BLACK FORD P2000 PICTURE AT: images/5296.jpg (P2000s are produced as both FC and HICE vehicles)
WHITE FORD P2000 HICE PICTURE AT: Hydrogen-ICE-Vehicle-125.jpg
TAN MODEL U CONCEPT CAR PICTURES AT:

41. H2 Safety & the Hindenburg
The Public perception of H2?
1997, Addison Bain, former NASA H2 program manager presented findings:
Static and flame accelerants (painted on the skin), not H2, were causes
Based on Analysis of surviving Hindenburg remnants
HINDENBURG INFORMATION FROM: Peter Hoffman, Tomorrow’s Energy- Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and the Prospect for a Cleaner Planet, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts p 233-4
HINDENBURG PICTURE AT: jesspix/time1937.jpg

42. Is Hydrogen Fuel Safer?
Former Lockheed Manager: maintains air crashes involving kerosene fuel would have resulted in fewer deaths if H2 were the fuel:
H2 volatile/ burns quickly
H2 vaporizes/ disperses quickly
Less fire area
Radiated fire heat is less with H2
No smoke from H2 fires
LH2 safer upon impact than kerosene
LOCKHEED INFORMATION AT: Peter Hoffman, Tomorrow’s Energy- Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and the Prospect for a Cleaner Planet, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts , p. 234
SAFER ON IMPACT INFORMATION FROM: Peter Hoffman, Tomorrow’s Energy- Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and the Prospect for a Cleaner Planet, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts p 237
PICTURE AT: images/gas.JPG

43. H2 vs. CONVENTIONAL FUELS
1976 Stanford Research Institute: no clear answers; physical/ chemical properties of H2 differ, comparisons are misleading
1974 NASA study: road transport of LH2 presents fewer ignition risks
First H2 pipeline: ships H2 to chemical plants, has operated safely for years, but the H2 is only 95% pure, at low psi, in a narrow pipe
ALL INFORMATION FROM: Peter Hoffman, Tomorrow’s Energy- Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and the Prospect for a Cleaner Planet, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts p 236-9
FRUIT PICTURES AT: sea/oranges.jpg &

44. 1993 German H2 study H2 RISKIER: In enclosed rooms H2 SAFER:
Customer handling of H2 demands technical safety measures (self-adjusting gas sensors linked to ventilation systems)
H2 SAFER:
Vaporization
Cloud formation
Fire, thermal emissivity
INFORMATION ABOUT GERMAN PARLIAMENT STUDY FROM: Peter Hoffman, Tomorrow’s Energy- Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and the Prospect for a Cleaner Planet, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts p 242-2
BACKGROUND AT: web.mit.edu/fll/www/interface/ PaperCrumpled.blue.jpg
UNRESOLVED:
Questions remain about pipeline embrittlement, feasibility of high pressure H2 pipeline

45. HICEs & POLLUTION ADVANTAGES:
Emissions are a fraction of convention ICE emissions
Ford HICEs emit almost no pollutants and are 25% more fuel efficient than gas ICEs
H2/ CH4 mixed fuel emits extremely low NOx
DISADVANTAGES:
High temperature H2 combustion makes Nox
NOx emissions = ¼ that of gas, can be lessened with additional control equipment
Even without after-treatment, NOx emissions are low
Fossil fuel electrolysis lessens pollution gains
INFORMATION ABOUT HICE EMISSIONS FROM: (MEDC-Advanced Manufacturing News)- Ford P2000 Hydrogen ICE Car Debuts. See also Peter Hoffman, Tomorrow’s Energy- Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and the Prospect for a Cleaner Planet, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts , p. 6
Ford emissions: Stefan Geiger, Fuel Cell Today, January 7, 2003, Ford Model U concept car,
H2/CH4 mixed fuel: AFS Demonstrates Zero Emission H Fueled Diesel Engine AFS (Alternative Fuel Systems, Inc.), News Releases, 10/17/2000, available at:
NOx produced but can be limited: (MEDC-Advanced Manufacturing News)- Ford P2000 Hydrogen ICE Car Debuts. See also Lawrence Tse Vision Engineer . com - Alternative Fuel Vehicle
Nox low without after-treatment: Stefan Geiger, Fuel Cell Today, January 7, 2003, Ford Model U concept car, See also Hydrogen Fuel Cell Engines. Module 3: Hydrogen Use in Internal Combustion Engines, Hydrogen Fuel Cell Engines and Related Technologies: Rev. 0, December 2001 PICTURE AT: geosci.uchicago.edu/~archer/PS134/ Pics/final.aug.half.gif

46. Barriers to Commercial Availability
H2/ LH2 infrastructure needed
Low cost H2 production needed
Economics of H2 cars are ill-defined
ICE-HICE conversion availability
Like current vehicles, H2/LH2 vehicle designs will likely vary
Lack of uniform regulations of H2
INFRASTRUCTURE INFORMATION FROM: Hydrogen Fuel Cell Engines. Module 3: Hydrogen Use in Internal Combustion Engines, Hydrogen Fuel Cell Engines and Related Technologies: Rev. 0, December See also Wall Street Journal, March 7, 2003, Green Dream: Hydrogen Fuel May be Clean But Getting It Here Looks Messy, Jeffrey Ball, p A1 (no one will buy cars until they can refuel them)
LOW COST H2 PRODUCTION INFORMATION: AFS Demonstrates Zero Emission H Fueled Diesel Engine AFS (Alternative Fuel Systems, Inc.), News Releases, 10/17/2000, available at:
ECONOMICS ILL-DEFINED INFORMATION: (Hydrogen blending with Internal Combustion Engines)
DESIGNS WILL VARY: Hydrogen Fuel Cell Engines. Module 3: Hydrogen Use in Internal Combustion Engines, Hydrogen Fuel Cell Engines and Related Technologies: Rev. 0, December 2001
PICTURE AT: gdl.cdlr.strath.ac.uk/redclyde/ images/rc031.jpg

47. Commercial HICE Availability
Shell: “marathon, not a sprint, and the race has just begun,” H2 fuel network by Others estimate years to the H2 economy
BMW’s HICE cars are available today
John C. Anderson, Pres. & CEO of AFS says:
(1) the existing ICE infrastructure
(2) the demand for clean emissions; &
(3) H2’s flammability characteristics
make H2 the “ultimate low cost fuel” which,
when widely available, can be adapted to
conventional autos and diesel engine vehicles
SHELL NETWORK INFORMATION, YEARS: Wall Street Journal, March 7, 2003, Green Dream: Hydrogen Fuel May be Clean But Getting It Here Looks Messy, Jeffrey Ball, P. A6
BMW INFORMATION: SHEC labs, Solar Hydrogen Energy Corporation…Harvesting the Suns’ Energy, Internal Combustion Retrofit
AFS President quote: AFS Demonstrates Zero Emission H Fueled Diesel Engine AFS (Alternative Fuel Systems, Inc.), News Releases, 10/17/2000, available at:
PICTURE AT: Visible%20Light%20Hydrogen%20Page%20One.jpg

48. What if FCs are the future?
BMW’s future could be adversely affected
Unlikely soon:
FC engines 3x as heavy as ICEs
No transport FC mass production
Most H2 vehicles produced are HICEs
HICEs offer a good opportunity to improve the H2 infrastructure as HICEs are “comparatively easy to produce”
HICEs can bridge the gap to H2-fueled transport that eventually incorporates fuel cells
WOULD HURT BMW: (IssueWatch: BMW produces ‘dual-fuel’ internal-combustion engine… Minnesota Issue Watch, October 2001, Science and Technology)
3X WEIGHT, NO MASS PRODUCTION: Peter Hoffman, Tomorrow’s Energy- Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and the Prospect for a Cleaner Planet, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts , P. 124
EASIER TO MAKE, MOST ARE HICES: Peter Hoffman, Tomorrow’s Energy- Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and the Prospect for a Cleaner Planet, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts , p. 123
HICE INFRASTRUCTURE OPPORTUNITY: John Wallace, Executive director of Ford’s THINK Group, quoted in (MEDC-Advanced Manufacturing News)- Ford P2000 Hydrogen ICE Car Debuts BRIDGING THE GAP: (MEDC-Advanced Manufacturing News)- Ford P2000 Hydrogen ICE Car Debuts. See also Stefan Geiger, Fuel Cell Today, January 7, 2003, Ford Model U concept car,
PICTURE AT: inf/fuel-cell.jpg

49. ARE FUEL CELLS BETTER? FCs cars are the best for zero emissions
FC cars average 60 more mpg than BMW’s HICEs
FCs cars are far more costly than HICE vehicles
Fuel cells are more efficient than HICEs but less efficient when operated on methane
Barriers exist to FCs as ‘dual fuel’ vehicles, and thus may be less feasible than HICEs in the near future unless H2 onboard conversion materializes
FC EFFICIENCY, DUAL FUEL FC CARS: Peter Hoffman, Tomorrow’s Energy- Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and the Prospect for a Cleaner Planet, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts , p. 124
BEST FOR ZERO EMISSIONS: (MEDC-Advanced Manufacturing News)- Ford P2000 Hydrogen ICE Car Debuts
FC 60 MORE MPG: (IssueWatch: BMW produces ‘dual-fuel’ internal-combustion engine… Minnesota Issue Watch, October 2001, Science and Technology)
FC COSTLY: The internal-combustion engine is very far from dead, The Knowledge Management Team, The Centre for Future Studies, July 2002
BACKGROUND AT: Public/About_MEAU/P-FAQs

50. THE EU IS DOING MORE March 2003 DOE-EU joint effort
EU: 20% alternate energy fuel sources by 2020, plans to develop H2 tech while sharply tightening fuel efficiency standards
ALL INFORMATION FROM: New York Times, March 7, 2003, White House and Europe to Cooperate on Hydrogen – But Different Energy Approaches Emerge, Neela Banerjee, p. C2
BACKGROUND: nasc.nott.ac.uk/webimage/ EU_flag.gif

51. California Fuel Cell Partnership
Corporate members have 6 H2 stations; at least 8 H2 filling stations in southern California
12 more planned
The partnership has cut the number of H2 vehicles it plans to require car companies to produce
ALL INFORMATION FROM: Wall Street Journal, March 7, 2003, Green Dream: Hydrogen Fuel May be Clean But Getting It Here Looks Messy, Jeffrey Ball, p A1, A6
H2 FC VEHICLE PICTURE FROM: HydroGen1-California-110.jpg
BACKGROUND MAP AT: ev1-club.power.net/maps/ gif/map-ca.gif

52. Centrally Fueled Fleet Program (CFFP)
H2 is a CAA Clean Fuel
The CFFP applies to states with serious or worse O3 non-attainment
Requires fleets to use a % of clean fuel vehicles
Not vigorously
enforced; voluntary
as of 1995
EPA of 1992: CFV
purchase incentives
for public/private
fleets & incentives for
fuel suppliers
H IS CAA CLEAN FUEL: CAA Section 246 (42 U.S.C. § 7546). See also 6 ENVTL 306, at * 424, 427, Environmental Lawyer, Mobile Source Air Pollution Control, February 2000.
CFFP REQUIREMENTS: 6 ENVTL 306, at * 424, 427, Environmental Lawyer, Mobile Source Air Pollution Control, February 2000.
CFFP NOT ENFORCED & ENERGY POLICY ACT INFO AT: See also
(“The CAAA of 1990 originally required fleets in 22 urban regions to begin operating clean fuel vehicles by the end of the 1990's. Beginning in 1998, 30% of new vehicle purchases by many fleets were to be clean fuel vehicles. This increased to 50% by 1999 and 70% by These clean fuel vehicle mandates, however, were changed to a voluntary air pollution reduction program in 1995.”). See also
PICTURE AT:

53. CAA California Pilot Program (CPP)
Increases CFV availability (requires 300,000 yearly)
Credit program (excess CFVs or buy credits)
SIP mandates sufficient clean fuels be produced, distributed by fuel suppliers (profit incentive)
CARB’s LEV program differs – clean fuels must be available, not produced
Serious/ worse O3 non-attainment states may opt in
Opt-in states cannot mandate CFV sales or alternate fuel production and availability (incentives instead)
CPP: Section 243 of the CAA establishes the CPP, 42 U.S.C. § 7543(e)(2). See also 6 ENVTL 306, at * 430, Environmental Lawyer, Mobile Source Air Pollution Control, February See also See also Ashley Morris Bale, 15 VAELJ 213 at *242-43, 250, 256, 266, Virginia Environmental Law Journal, The Newest Frontier in Motor Vehicle Emission Control: The Clean Fuel Vehicle,
PICTURE AT: editorials/ozonenews.html

54. H2/LH2 INFRASTRUCTURE Centralized or decentralized?
Assuming a centralized infrastructure, oil companies estimate that consumer interest depends on a new fuel being available at 30% of gas stations
180,000 gas station in the U.S
CENTRALIZED v. DECENTRALIZED: An initial H2 network, introduced along CH4 pipelines which have been retrofitted, would seem to encourage the idea of a centralized distribution system. In the long term, localized production options would facilitate the development of competitive markets that would work against the need to treat H2 as a public utility. See (pipelines can be retrofitted). See also Hearing on the “Energy Pipeline Research, Development, and Demonstration Act,” Testimony of Nirmal Chatterjee, Vice President of Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. before the House Science Committee, Subcommittee on Energy, at: (long term localized production options will lessen the need for pipelines).
30% AVAILABILITY NEEDED, 180K stations: Wall Street Journal, March 7, 2003, Green Dream: Hydrogen Fuel May be Clean But Getting It Here Looks Messy, Jeffrey Ball, p. A7 Rural gas station picture at: dan.doxdesk.com/.../Koh%20Chang/ Gas-station.jpg

55. Centralized Distribution
Infrastructure cost: $100 billion+
H2 storage (or stainless steel tanks for convertible methanol), manufacturing tankers
Exxon-Mobil: “the verdict is still out on whether H2 will ever become a mainstream fuel”
Predicted route of development:
Centrally fueled fleets
Dispersed locations
Gas stations conversion
Rate regulation?
Local variation by
optimal source
LOCAL VARIABILITY IN H2 PRODUCTION: Peter Hoffman, Tomorrow’s Energy- Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and the Prospect for a Cleaner Planet, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts , p. 8
BILLION-DOLLAR INFRASTRUCTURE: Wall Street Journal, March 7, 2003, Green Dream: Hydrogen Fuel May be Clean But Getting It Here Looks Messy, Jeffrey Ball, p. A6. See also The internal-combustion engine is very far from dead, The Knowledge Management Team, The Centre for Future Studies, July 2002
PREDICTED DEVELOPMENT ROUTE: The internal-combustion engine is very far from dead, The Knowledge Management Team, The Centre for Future Studies, July 2002 PICTURE AT: pics/infrastructure2.jpg

56. REPAIR INFRASTRUCTURE
HICEs have the advantage over FC vehicles
Developed economies already have ready access to HICE repair
Adequately trained technicians and equipment still are needed for HICEs; ICE-HICE conversion not readily available
ALL INFORMATION FROM: The internal-combustion engine is very far from dead, The Knowledge Management Team, The Centre for Future Studies, July 2002

57. Decentralized H2 Infrastructure
Retrofitting CH4 pipelines favors centralization; long term localized production will favor decentralization
Honda & GM are discussing bypassing gas stations in favor of letting consumers buy/ lease home H2-fueling machines
For consumers, the ability to refuel at home may justify higher fuel costs
Some advocate onboard stripping of H2 from carbon fuel to avoid H2 transition difficulties
CENTRALIZED v. DECENTRALIZED: An initial H2 network, introduced along CH4 pipelines which have been retrofitted, would seem to encourage the idea of a centralized distribution system. In the long term, localized production options would facilitate the development of competitive markets that would work against the need to treat H2 as a public utility. See (pipelines can be retrofitted). See also Hearing on the “Energy Pipeline Research, Development, and Demonstration Act,” Testimony of Nirmal Chatterjee, Vice President of Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. before the House Science Committee, Subcommittee on Energy, at: (long term localized production options will lessen the need for pipelines).
HONDA/ GM STATION BYPASS: Wall Street Journal, March 7, 2003, Green Dream: Hydrogen Fuel May be Clean But Getting It Here Looks Messy, Jeffrey Ball, p. A6
HOME REFUELING MAY BE PREFERABLE: . (look in archives 2003), Show: Living on Earth, February 7, 2003, Honda’s Green Car, by Anna Solomon-Greenbaum ONBOARD H2 CONVERSION: Peter Hoffman, Tomorrow’s Energy- Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and the Prospect for a Cleaner Planet, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts , p. 105
BACKGROUND AT: mainpic4.jpg

58. Conclusions Regulatory mandates; CFFP, CPP nationally?
Tax incentives, subsidies for HICE R&D, investment
Incentives and regulatory mandates to develop a fueling infrastructure
Standardization of H2 safety codes
PICTURE AT: earth3.gif