1. Chapter Copyright© 2004 Thomson Learning All rights reserved 1 Multinational Management in a Changing World

2. Copyright© 2005 South-Western/Thomson Learning All rights reserved Learning Objectives Define multinational management Understand the characteristics of a multinational company Understand the nature of the global economy and the key forces that drive globalization Know the basic classification of the world’s economies Define multinational management Understand the characteristics of a multinational company Understand the nature of the global economy and the key forces that drive globalization Know the basic classification of the world’s economies

3. Copyright© 2005 South-Western/Thomson Learning All rights reserved Learning Objectives Identify the characteristics of the next generation of multinational managers

4. Copyright© 2005 South-Western/Thomson Learning All rights reserved Multinational Management Formulation of strategies and management systems to take advantage of international opportunities and respond to international threats

5. Copyright© 2005 South-Western/Thomson Learning All rights reserved The Nature of the Multinational Company Any company that engages in business functions beyond its domestic borders Includes both large and small companies Any company that engages in business functions beyond its domestic borders Includes both large and small companies

6. Copyright© 2005 South-Western/Thomson Learning All rights reserved Exhibit 1.1 – The Largest Companies in the World

7. Copyright© 2005 South-Western/Thomson Learning All rights reserved Globalization Worldwide trend of the economies of the world becoming borderless and interlinked. Not all economies are participating or benefiting equally in the process. Important forces are driving globalization. It is also important to look at classifications of the world’s economies. Worldwide trend of the economies of the world becoming borderless and interlinked. Not all economies are participating or benefiting equally in the process. Important forces are driving globalization. It is also important to look at classifications of the world’s economies.

8. Copyright© 2005 South-Western/Thomson Learning All rights reserved Countries of the World: The Arrived, the Coming, and the Struggling Developed countries: mature economies with substantial per capita Gross Domestic Product, international trade, and investments. Developing countries: economies that have grown extensively over past two decades, e.g., Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea. Developed countries: mature economies with substantial per capita Gross Domestic Product, international trade, and investments. Developing countries: economies that have grown extensively over past two decades, e.g., Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea.

9. Copyright© 2005 South-Western/Thomson Learning All rights reserved Countries of the World: The Arrived, the Coming, and the Struggling Transition economies: countries that have changed from mostly communist systems to market/capitalistic systems, e.g., Czech republic, Hungary, Poland. Less developed countries: have yet to show much progress in the global economy most are located in Central and South America and Africa. Transition economies: countries that have changed from mostly communist systems to market/capitalistic systems, e.g., Czech republic, Hungary, Poland. Less developed countries: have yet to show much progress in the global economy most are located in Central and South America and Africa.

10. Copyright© 2005 South-Western/Thomson Learning All rights reserved Exhibit 1.2: Selected Economies of the World

11. Copyright© 2005 South-Western/Thomson Learning All rights reserved The Globalizing Economy: Seven Key Trends Disintegrating borders Growing cross-border trade and investment The rise of global products and global customers Privatizations Disintegrating borders Growing cross-border trade and investment The rise of global products and global customers Privatizations

12. Copyright© 2005 South-Western/Thomson Learning All rights reserved The Globalizing Economy: 7 Key Trends New competitors in the world market The rise of global standards of quality and production The Internet and information technology New competitors in the world market The rise of global standards of quality and production The Internet and information technology

13. Copyright© 2005 South-Western/Thomson Learning All rights reserved Exhibit 1.3: The Globalizing Economy

14. Copyright© 2005 South-Western/Thomson Learning All rights reserved Borders Are Disintegrating: The World Trade Organization Formal structure for continued negotiations and for settling trade disputes among nations. 1947: Nations met to reduce tariffs from 45% to less than 5%—resulted in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). 1986: Negotiations began in Uruguay to continue reducing tariffs. Formal structure for continued negotiations and for settling trade disputes among nations. 1947: Nations met to reduce tariffs from 45% to less than 5%—resulted in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). 1986: Negotiations began in Uruguay to continue reducing tariffs.

15. Copyright© 2005 South-Western/Thomson Learning All rights reserved World Trade Organization 1997: Trade ministers from countries representing 92% of world trade agreed to eliminate tariffs on software, computer chips, telecommunication equipment, and computers. WTO has, nevertheless, some critics. Not all countries are participating equally in WTO. 1997: Trade ministers from countries representing 92% of world trade agreed to eliminate tariffs on software, computer chips, telecommunication equipment, and computers. WTO has, nevertheless, some critics. Not all countries are participating equally in WTO.

16. Copyright© 2005 South-Western/Thomson Learning All rights reserved Regional Trade Agreements Regional Trade Agreements—agreements among nations to reduce tariffs and develop similar technical and economic standards. European Union: includes a large number of European countries. Allows free movement of goods and services and a common currency. Regional Trade Agreements—agreements among nations to reduce tariffs and develop similar technical and economic standards. European Union: includes a large number of European countries. Allows free movement of goods and services and a common currency.

17. Copyright© 2005 South-Western/Thomson Learning All rights reserved Regional Trade Agreements The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA): links United States, Canada, and Mexico in an economic bloc. Allows freer exchange of goods and services The Asia-Pacific-Economic Cooperation (APEC): looser confederation of 19 Asian nations with less specific agreements on trade facilitation. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA): links United States, Canada, and Mexico in an economic bloc. Allows freer exchange of goods and services The Asia-Pacific-Economic Cooperation (APEC): looser confederation of 19 Asian nations with less specific agreements on trade facilitation.

18. Copyright© 2005 South-Western/Thomson Learning All rights reserved Sell Anywhere, Locate Anywhere World trade growth: average of 6.5% per year between 1990 and 2000. Nearly half of the over $5 trillion in world trade is among the European union, the U.S., and Japan—the TRIAD. World trade growth: average of 6.5% per year between 1990 and 2000. Nearly half of the over $5 trillion in world trade is among the European union, the U.S., and Japan—the TRIAD.

19. Copyright© 2005 South-Western/Thomson Learning All rights reserved Exhibit 1.5 – Leading Exporting and Importing Countries

20. Copyright© 2005 South-Western/Thomson Learning All rights reserved Exhibit 1.5 – Leading Exporting and Importing Countries, continued

21. Copyright© 2005 South-Western/Thomson Learning All rights reserved Exhibit 1.6: Recent Growth/Decline for Leading Importers and Exporters

22. Copyright© 2005 South-Western/Thomson Learning All rights reserved Exhibit 1.6: Recent Growth/Decline for Leading Importers and Exporters

23. Copyright© 2005 South-Western/Thomson Learning All rights reserved Sell Anywhere, Locate Anywhere Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) occurs when a multinational company from one country has an ownership position located in another country. FDI increased by more that 36% between 1996 and 2000. Post 9/11 has seen a decline in FDI. Nevertheless, it remains a significant factor. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) occurs when a multinational company from one country has an ownership position located in another country. FDI increased by more that 36% between 1996 and 2000. Post 9/11 has seen a decline in FDI. Nevertheless, it remains a significant factor.

24. Copyright© 2005 South-Western/Thomson Learning All rights reserved Exhibit 1.7 – Top 25 Companies by Foreign Asset Ownership

25. Copyright© 2005 South-Western/Thomson Learning All rights reserved Foreign Direct Investment Developed countries get the bulk of FDI (69%) while developing countries get around 30%. Least developed countries get minimal FDI. Implications for managers—significant opportunities around the world. Multinational managers should look at risk rating of countries. Developed countries get the bulk of FDI (69%) while developing countries get around 30%. Least developed countries get minimal FDI. Implications for managers—significant opportunities around the world. Multinational managers should look at risk rating of countries.

26. Copyright© 2005 South-Western/Thomson Learning All rights reserved Exhibit 1.8: Risk Ratings of Selected Countries

27. Copyright© 2005 South-Western/Thomson Learning All rights reserved The Internet and Information Technology Electronic Communication — E-mail, World Wide Web, etc. Allows multinationals to communicate with company locations throughout the world. Multinationals can also monitor worldwide operations. Information technology is spurring a borderless financial market. Electronic Communication — E-mail, World Wide Web, etc. Allows multinationals to communicate with company locations throughout the world. Multinationals can also monitor worldwide operations. Information technology is spurring a borderless financial market.

28. Copyright© 2005 South-Western/Thomson Learning All rights reserved The Rise of Global Products and Global Customers The needs of customers for many products and services are growing more similar, e.g., McDonald’s, Boeing, Toyota. Global customers search the world for their supplies without regard for national boundaries. The needs of customers for many products and services are growing more similar, e.g., McDonald’s, Boeing, Toyota. Global customers search the world for their supplies without regard for national boundaries.

29. Copyright© 2005 South-Western/Thomson Learning All rights reserved Privatization Sale of government-owned businesses to private investors, usually through stock or direct sale to other companies. Two types of privatization contribute to the global economy — the developed world and the developing world. Sale of government-owned businesses to private investors, usually through stock or direct sale to other companies. Two types of privatization contribute to the global economy — the developed world and the developing world.

30. Copyright© 2005 South-Western/Thomson Learning All rights reserved Privatization—Types The Developed Countries Use privatization to make formerly government- controlled enterprises more competitive in the global economy. The Developing Countries Use privatization to jump-start their economies or to speed the transition from a communist to a capitalist system. The Developed Countries Use privatization to make formerly government- controlled enterprises more competitive in the global economy. The Developing Countries Use privatization to jump-start their economies or to speed the transition from a communist to a capitalist system.

31. Copyright© 2005 South-Western/Thomson Learning All rights reserved New Competitors Free market reforms are creating a potential group of new competitors. Korean, Russian, Taiwanese, and Mexican companies are all emerging. Chinese companies are also on the move. Free market reforms are creating a potential group of new competitors. Korean, Russian, Taiwanese, and Mexican companies are all emerging. Chinese companies are also on the move.

32. Copyright© 2005 South-Western/Thomson Learning All rights reserved Exhibit 1.9: Top 25 Emerging Market Economies

33. Copyright© 2005 South-Western/Thomson Learning All rights reserved New Competitors are Emerging Global trade has two important effects in developing new competitors: When developing countries are used as low-wage platforms for high-tech assembly, multinationals facilitate the transfer of technology. Aggressive multinationals are also expanding beyond their own borders. Global trade has two important effects in developing new competitors: When developing countries are used as low-wage platforms for high-tech assembly, multinationals facilitate the transfer of technology. Aggressive multinationals are also expanding beyond their own borders.

34. Copyright© 2005 South-Western/Thomson Learning All rights reserved The Rise of Global Standards Companies can make one or only a few versions of product for the world market. This is cheaper than making different versions for different countries. Drive to develop common standards to save money. Companies can make one or only a few versions of product for the world market. This is cheaper than making different versions for different countries. Drive to develop common standards to save money.

35. Copyright© 2005 South-Western/Thomson Learning All rights reserved Global Standards Consistency in quality also an important requirement of doing business in many countries. International organization for standardization (ISO) in Geneva, Switzerland Developed a set of technical standards (ISO 9001:2000 series). Consistency in quality also an important requirement of doing business in many countries. International organization for standardization (ISO) in Geneva, Switzerland Developed a set of technical standards (ISO 9001:2000 series).

36. Copyright© 2005 South-Western/Thomson Learning All rights reserved Next Generation of Multinational Managers: Characteristics Global mindset Ability to work with people from diverse backgrounds Long-range perspective Ability to manage change and transition Ability to create systems for learning and changing organizations Global mindset Ability to work with people from diverse backgrounds Long-range perspective Ability to manage change and transition Ability to create systems for learning and changing organizations

37. Copyright© 2005 South-Western/Thomson Learning All rights reserved Next Generation of Multinational Managers: Characteristics Talent to motivate all employees to achieve excellence Accomplished negotiation skills Willingness to seek overseas assignments Understanding of national cultures Talent to motivate all employees to achieve excellence Accomplished negotiation skills Willingness to seek overseas assignments Understanding of national cultures

38. Copyright© 2005 South-Western/Thomson Learning All rights reserved Multinational Management: A Strategic Approach Considers how managers formulate and implement strategies to compete successfully in the global economy. Strategies are the maneuvers or activities used to increase and sustain organizational performance. Multinational strategies must include maneuvers that deal with operating in more than one country and culture. Considers how managers formulate and implement strategies to compete successfully in the global economy. Strategies are the maneuvers or activities used to increase and sustain organizational performance. Multinational strategies must include maneuvers that deal with operating in more than one country and culture.