1. Campaigns, Voting and Elections Chapter 14

2. The Campaign Process At the Starting Block
Personal Ambition leads Candidates to Run for Office
Campaign Strategy aids them in Running

3. The Five Phases of a Political Campaign
Nomination Campaign
To Win Party Nomination
all in same party
General Election Campaign
Between different political parties

4. The Five Phases of a Political Campaign
Personal
Campaign
give speeches
hold press conferences
meet voters
walk precincts

5. Organizational Campaign
Pollsters
Campaign Managers
Fund-Raisers
High technology
OFTEN Behind the Scenes

6. The MEDIA Campaign PAID Media (TV/Radio) Free Media
(Events that get media
coverage as “news”)
Candidate Debates

7. Campaign Advertising
Positive Ads
Contrast Ads
Negative Ads
Spot Ads
Inoculation Ads

8. Success of Candidates Based On:
Abilities
Qualifications
Likability - Warmth
Communication Skills
Issues
Weaknesses

9. SOURCES OF 1996 Senate Race CAMPAIGN Money ($2 million)
Individuals (60% 1.2 Million)
PACS ( 22% $400,000)
Parties (15% $300,000)
Candidate Money (3% $60,000)

10. CAMPAIGN EXPENSES -- Where Does All that Money GO????

11. CALIFORNIA Senate Race 2000 Diane Feinstein (D) v Tom Campbell(R)
Candidate Received Spent
Feinstein 7,933,612 5,095,082
Campbell 3,453,067 2,338,493
Horn , ,035 (primary)

12. New York Senate Race 2000 H. Clinton (D) v Rick Lazio (R)
Candidate Recvd Spent $PACS Individuals
H. Clinton 21,986,261 14,878, , ,822,497
R. Lazio 17,881,835 9,499,049 1,533, ,031,764

13. U.S. Presidential Election 2000 G.W. Bush (R), Al Gore (D)
Candidate Recvd Spent # PACS Individual
G. W. Bush 177,124, ,482, ,154,857
A. Gore 126,581,737 60,824, ,352,501
R. Nader ,571, ,253,565 $ ,741,480
P. Buchanan 15,736, ,211,976 $ ,114,905

14. The Purposes Served by Elections
Legitimacy
Accountability
Retrospective Judgment
Prospective Judgment 2

15. Kinds of Primary Elections
Open
Closed
Blanket
Run-off

16. General Elections Initiative Referendum Recall
Kinds of Elections
General Elections
Initiative
Referendum
Recall

17. Methods to Elect National Convention Delegates
Winner-Take-All
Proportional Representation
Proportional Representation with Bonus Delegates

18. Methods to Elect National Convention Delegates
Beauty Contest with Separate Delegate Selection
Delegate Selection with No Beauty Contest
The Caucus (Virginia uses)

19. Criticisms of Primaries
Lack of quality information
Front-loading
Not a good test of skills to be president
Very low voter turnout

20. The Party Conventions-Loss of Control by State/Local Leaders
Delegate Selection
National Candidates
and Issues
Media Coverage

21. The Delegates Democratic Republican
Younger
More diversity
single/unmarried
labor union
Older
White male
Married
Public service

22. Organizational Campaign
Pollsters
Campaign Managers
Fund-Raisers
High technology
OFTEN Behind the Scenes

23. The Electoral College representatives (electors)
from each state, equal in
number to the House and
Senate members from the
state, who actually elect
the President and
Vice-President

24. Electoral College-Framers’ Intent
Part of original US Constitution
To protect “citizens” from too much direct democracy
Work without political parties
Cover nominating and electing stages
Produce a nonpartisan president
Share the “election” process between state and national levels of government

25. Who Chooses “Electors”
Political Parties nominate electors at their conventions, (538 total)
Include state elected officials, party loyalists, party leaders, friends of presidential candidate
Chosen by VOTERS (although the electors’ names not on ballots)

26. ELECTORAL College Process
Designed by James Madison
January 2005 Joint session U.S. Congress counts Electoral Votes
ONLY Half of the states (and DC) require electors to vote according to the popular vote totals
Each states gets number of ELECTORS equal to their Congressional Representation

27. The ELECTORAL College 2000 U. S
The ELECTORAL College 2000 U.S. Presidential Race (Oct 30, 2000 ABCNews.com)

28. How The popular vote “Loser” became U.S. President
President NOT elected by national popular vote
Elected by state-vote of electors
48 of 50 states (and DC) award electoral votes on winner-takes-all”
Has happened THREE TIMES (1876,1888, 2000)

29. What if Nobody gets 270 Electoral VOTES?
IF a tie at 269
GOES INTO THE U.S. House of Representatives
EACH state gets one vote

30. Congressional Elections
Incumbency Advantage percent re-election
WHY?
Name recognition
easier fund-raising
franking privilege

31. Importance of 2000 Congressional/State Legislature elections
REAPPORTIONMENT --
Redrawing legislative districts (by state legislatures) for state and congressional races
based on population (from 2000 Census)
political advantage(s)
racial? considerations

32. 2004 Congressional Elections
1/3 of U.S. Senate
Entire US House
11 U.S. Governors

33. Variables that Impact Voter Turnout
Income
Age
Interest in
Politics
Race

34. Low voter turnout Difficult Registration Poor voter attitudes
Hard Absentee
Voting
Weak political
parties
Number of
Elections
Low voter
turnout

35. Improving Voter Turnout
Easier Registration and Absentee Voting
Make Election Day a Holiday
Strengthen Parties
Mail-In Ballots?

36. Changing the Electoral Process
Mandatory Voting
Eliminate Electoral College
Regional Primaries
Campaign Finance Reform
Regulate “SOFT Money” and PACS 17