1. Navigation – terms & equipment

2. Objectives  Define navigation (3 parts)  Discuss the differences between latitude and longitude  Convert latitude & longitude from one format to another  List 3 navigation aids and explain their functions  Choose the appropriate radio for various situations  Identify 4 important features on a chart

3. Background  Geographic structure of the earth  Lines of latitude

4. http://www.navis.gr/marinav/latlong.htm

5. Background  Geographic structure of the earth  Lines of latitude  Lines of longitude

6. http://www.navis.gr/marinav/latlong.htm

7. Background  Geographic structure of the earth  Lines of latitude  Lines of longitude  Nautical measurements  1 degree = 60 minutes (‘)  1 minute = 60 seconds (“)  Distance & speeds  1 nmi = 1,852 meters = 1.15 mi  1 knot = 1 nmi / hour

8. Navigation aids & terms  Chart – map; reproduction of the earths surface in 2D  Bearing - The direction (degrees) of an object expressed either as a true bearing as shown on the chart, or as a bearing relative to the heading of the boat  Course – direction vessel is being steered  Current – horizontal movement of water

9. Nautical Charts What are they and how do you use them?

10. Map (land) = Chart (ocean)

11. Information from charts Finding the location of your vessel Depth How far from land? Are you close to a pipeline? Where is the closets lighthouse? Are you close to a shipwreck Rocks

12. More information Where is the nearest anchorage? What type of substrate is on the bottom of the ocean Where is the closest radio tower? What year was the chart made? Are there explosives in the area? How can you figure out where the IEZ is located?

13. Activity Break into 4 groups and identify each of the following: Locate and identify the symbols for rocks, depth, substrate, explosives, anchorages, ship wrecks Determine the latitude and longitude of the vessel. What is the compass rose? Contours, what do they mean? Where is the pipeline and why is this important? Which way is the equator? Which way is the prime meridian?

14. Navigation aides  Charts - Activity  Split into 2 (or 3) groups and go to a chart on the wall  Each chart has several features highlighted  Instructors will guide activity at each chart

15. Chart number Unit of depth LatitudeLatitude Land (yellow, tan, gray) Depth contour Depth (feet) Buoys (channel markers) Longitude Compass Rose Submerged obstacle

16. Notes LatitudeLatitude Land (yellow, tan, gray) Depth contour Depth (feet) Buoys (channel markers) Longitude Compass Rose Scale

18. Channel Reference to notes Buoys (channel markers with lights)

20. Navigation terms  Chart – map; reproduction of the earths surface in 2D  Bearing - The direction (degrees) of an object expressed either as a true bearing as shown on the chart, or as a bearing relative to the heading of the boat  Course – direction vessel is being steered  Current – horizontal movement of water

21. Navigation aids  Bridge equipment  Compass http://www.nauticexpo.com Gyrocompass – Liberia K. Dietrich, 2011

22. Navigation aids  Bridge equipment  Compass  GPS / Plotters  GPS=Global Positioning System Images from http://www.maptechnavigation.com/

23. GPS - formats  Output in multiple formats – be aware of the settings before writing down coordinates on your forms  degrees, minutes, seconds- N 03° 25’ 30”  degrees, decimal minutes - N 03° 25.50’  decimal degrees- N 03.425°  Converting  Degrees, minutes, second >>> degrees, decimal minutes  Divide seconds by 60 and add to minutes  Degrees, decimal minutes >>> Decimal degrees  Divide fraction of minutes by 60  Decimal degrees >>> degrees, decimal minutes  Multiply the decimal value by 60

24. Navigation aids  Bridge equipment  Compass  GPS / Plotters  Radar Images from http://fis.com/ store.vernondeon.com/ images/sm/ra050.jpg

25. http://www.tsb.gc.ca/eng/rapports-reports/marine/1994/m94m0009/m94m0009.asp

26. Navigation aids  Bridge equipment  Compass  GPS / Plotters  Radar  Sonar / Echo sounder Image from C. Heineken, CapFish http://oceanservice.noaa.gov

27. Navigation aids  Bridge equipment  Compass  GPS / Plotters  Radar  Sonar / Echo sounder  Communications  Mobile phone – satellite, cell Images from http://www.satellitephonestore.com/

28. Navigation aids  Bridge equipment  Compass  GPS / Plotters  Radar  Sonar / Echo sounder  Communications  Mobile phone – satellite, cell  Radios VHF: http://www.nauticexpo.com SSB: http://www.davesmarineelectronics.com/

29. Radios - VHF  Very High Frequency  International Distress Channel – 16  Transmission distance ~line of sight Image: USCG Auxiliary 2007

30. Radios - SSB  Single Side Band – High frequency (HF)  International Distress Channel – 2183 kHz  Transmission medium to long distances SSB: http://www.davesmarineelectronics.com/

31. Radios – How to use  One-way transmission  Public - be mindful of what you say  Speak slowly & distinctly into the microphone  Switch to working channel if initial contact is on emergency channel/frequency  E.g Channel 16 Channel 13  Short & concise

32. Radios – General procedure  Verify power & appropriate channel  Verify not in use  Adjust squelch  Depress microphone button & call the vessel or group you are trying to contact 3x followed by your vessel name, call sign & station you’re calling on  Wait 2 minute before trying again.  Switch to working channel  Use terms like “over” and “copy” when you are done speaking or understand  When finished, end call with vessel name, call sign and the word “out”

33. Summary  How is navigation defined? a) The act of determining a vessel’s position b) Ascertaining speed c) Directing the course of a ship by using charts and electronic aids d) None of the above e) All of the above

35. Summary  Describe latitude and longitude.  How many minutes are in a degree of latitude? How about longitude?  What are 3 navigation aids and explain their functions?  Which radio would you use to call a vessel that you can see?  Which radio would you use to call the observer program 100 nmi away?  Homework – conversion practice

36. Acknowledgements / References  Thank you to Chris Heineken, Capricorn Fisheries (CapFish), Cape Town South Africa for sharing his observer training materials.  Calder, N. 2003. How to Read a Nautical Chart. International Marine / McGraw-Hill, Camden, ME.  NOAA and NGA. 2011. Chart No.1. United States of America, Nautical Chart Symbols, Abbreviations and Terms. Eleventh Edition. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Washington, DC and National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Springfield, VA.  United States Coast Guard Auxiliary. 2007. Boating Skills and Seamanship, 13th Edition. International Marine / McGraw-Hill, Camden, ME.