1. CHAPTER 20: GROUNDWATER

2. Groundwater It is estimated that there is 3000 times more water stored as groundwater in the upper 800 meters of continental crust than the water found in all the world’s rivers and streams. (United States Geological Survey )

3. Groundwater Groundwater is our most important source of fresh water. About 30% of the population of Canada depends on groundwater.

4. Groundwater is present where the material of the crust has pores or fractures

5. There Are Several Types of Earthquake Hazards What’s the term used to describe the boundary zone between the unsaturated and saturated zones?

6. The Water Table rises and falls with the seasons

7. Most water wells are drilled with truck- mounted drill rigs

8. Groundwater is fed by snowmelt and rainfall in recharge areas

9. Streams In some situations groundwater contributes to the base flow of a stream. In others, streams contribute to the groundwater. What is the difference between a connected losing stream and a disconnected one?

10. Wetlands Wetlands are critically important for storage of both surface and groundwater

11. Hydraulic Pressure Groundwater moves in response to gravity and hydraulic pressure

12. Aquifer An aquifer is body of rock or unconsolidated sediment through which groundwater can flow Why should deep groundwater take many times longer to reach the discharge area than shallow groundwater?

13. Permeability and porosity Of the following pairs of situations, which should have the greater permeability and why: (a) versus (b), (a) versus (c), (a) versus (d), (e) versus (f)?

14. Hydraulic Gradient In this situation the hydraulic gradient is the slope of the water table.

15. Darcy’s Law

16. Porous Materials and Fractured Rocks Hold Groundwater Porous Materials Fractured Rocks

17. Aquifer Terminology What is the difference between the water table and the potentiometric surface?

18. Groundwater is vulnerable to many different sources of pollution Groundwater Animation

19. Hard Water Groundwater contains a wide range of dissolved ions, most at levels that are higher than in surface water. Water with high levels of calcium or magnesium is known as hard water and often leaves coatings of white mineral precipitates on plumbing fixtures. Apart from Ca and Mg, what are some common dissolved ions in groundwater?

20. Saltwater Intrusion What can people living near to the coast do to reduce the likelihood of saltwater intrusion?

21. An improperly functioning septic field can be a source of groundwater contamination.

22. Contaminant plumes Common human activities contaminate groundwater

23. Salt Contamination It is common to combat icy conditions by spreading salt on roads and highways. This results in salty runoff that percolates into the unsaturated zone.

24. Landfills, pesticides and underground fuel storage tanks

25. It is estimated that there are >10 million underground storage tanks buried in the United States and that 70% of them leak.

26. Monitoring wells How many abandoned gas stations—surrounded by chain-link fencing—can you find in your region?

27. Are there examples of some of these types of contamination in your region?

28. Groundwater contamination in Canada’s far north Who is responsible for cleaning up contamination at DEW-line sites like Cape Dyer?

29. Groundwater remediation includes several types of treatments Air sparging Extraction wells Recirculation wells Aquifer fracturing Injection wells

30. Groundwater remediation includes several types of treatments Permeable reactive barriers Bioremediation Phytoremediation Thermal or electrical treatments

31. Hydrological Regions of Canada From: Natural Resources Canada. 2007. Groundwater Mapping Program. Hydrogeological Regions.

32. Springs exist where groundwater naturally comes to surface.

33. Spring water has deposited tufa (calcium carbonate) over this outcrop at Johnston Canyon in the Alberta Rockies

34. Karst topography is also a product of groundwater What type of rock is found in karst regions, and what property of that rock facilitates the development of karst?

35. As is hydrothermal activity. GeyserFumaroleHot Spring

36. Speleothems

37. COPYRIGHT Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Access Copyright (The Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency) is unlawful. Requests for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his or her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The author and the publisher assume no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information contained herein.