1. Current Electricity

2. Electrical Circuits

3. Waterfalls and Circuits: More in common than you think
Electrical Circuits can be thought of as a waterfall
Voltage (V)
Height of Waterfall
Measured in volts (V)
Current (I)
Amount of water falling at one point at any moment
Measured in amperes (A)
Resistance (R)
Constriction of water
Measured in ohms ()

4. Simple Electric Circuit
Voltage (V)
Battery of the system
Measured in volts
Current (I)
Component using Electricity
Measured in amperes
Resistance (R)
Device inhibiting the flow of
electrons
Measured in ohms

5. Current
Current is a flow of charge (the charge is usually electrons) flows from positive to negative The unit of current is the amp (the symbol for the amp is A). The symbol for current is I. Current is measured with an ammeter or multimeter.

6. For current to flow we need two things:
1. There has to be a complete circuit. 2. There has to be a source of potential difference (power supplies and batteries both act as a source of potential difference).

7. Voltage

8. Potential difference (commonly called ‘voltage’)
Current will flow between two points if there is a potential difference between the two points. This is a bit like saying that water will flow between two points if there is a height difference between the two points. In an electric circuit current flows from the positive end of the battery to the negative end. The positive end is represented with a long solid line, and the negative end is represented with a short solid line

9. Another way of thinking about potential difference is that it provides the ‘push’ to move the electrons around a circuit.
The unit of potential difference is the volt (the symbol for the volt is V) The symbol for potential difference is V. Potential difference is measured with a voltmeter or multimeter.

10. Resistance
Resistance opposes the movement of electrons around a circuit. The unit of resistance is the ohm (the symbol for the ohm is Ω). The symbol for resistance is R. Resistance is measured with an ohmmeter or mulitmeter.

11. Summary Quantity Symbol Unit Measured with Current I Amps A Ammeter
Potential
difference V
Volts
Voltmeter
Resistance R
Ohms Ω
Ohmmeter

12. Making circuits Requires a full complete “circuit”
Requires a potential difference (Voltage)
Requires a resister to reduce the flow of current in a circuit
Remember current flows from + to –
Always double check circuit before turning circuit on.

13. Electrical Circuits An electric current is a flow of electric charge
Conductors are substances which allow current to flow through them freely
Conductors conduct electrical current very easily because of their free electrons. Most metals are good conductors of electrical current.

14. Electrical Circuits
Insulators are substances which do not allow electrical current to flow through them.

15. Exp: To test electrical conduction in a variety of materials, and classify each material as a conductor or insulator.
Method:
1. Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram.
2. Place the substance you want to test between the clips and see if the bulb lights.
3. Repeat with different substances and draw up a table of conductors and insulators.
Result:
Conclusion:
If the bulb lights the material is a conductor. If the material does not light the material is an insulator. Some materials are better conductors that others.
Conductor
Insulator

16. How do we test for V, I, and R in a Simple Circuit?
Device:
Digital Multimeter
Mathematically:
Ohm’s Law
Very Important Rule

17. Ohm’s Law V = Voltage I = Current R = Resistance To solve for V
V = I • R
To solve for I
I = V / R
To solve for R
R = V / I

18. Exp: Set up a simple circuit, use appropriate instruments to measure current, potential difference (voltage) and resistance, and establish the relationship between them.
Method:
1. Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram.
2. Read the current from the ammeter.
Read the voltage from the voltmeter.
Now connect an ohmmeter from A to B and read the resistance.
Adjust the variable resistor to give a slightly larger current, note voltage and resistance now.
Repeat a number of times.
Result:
Conclusion: Current = Voltage
Resistance
This is know as Ohm’s Law.
Current
Voltage
Resistance

19. Current
Voltage
Resistance

21. OP 50

22. Check Your Understanding
For each of the following pictures, determine what the following values are for when the light bulb is lit:
Voltage
Current
Resistance
18 V 18 3
R =
= 6  3A #1

23. 36 3 #2
R =
= 6  54 3 #3
R =
= 18  72 3 #4
R =
= 24 

24. 1. A resistor has a voltage across it of 12 volts and a current through it of 2.5 amperes.
Calculate the resistance of the resistor.
voltage
current
resistance = V
I R 12 =
2.5 =
4.8 W

25. 2. A voltage of 6 volts is across a resistor where the current is 0
2. A voltage of 6 volts is across a resistor where the current is 0.5 amperes.
What is the value of the resistor?
voltage
current
resistance = V
I R 6 =
0.5 =
12 W

26. 3. Calculate the resistance of a component when a voltage of 24 V causes a current of 0.1 amperes.
I R 24 =
0.1 =
240 W

27. 4. If a current of 2 amperes exists through a lamp when it has 12 volts across it, what is the resistance of the lamp?
voltage
current
resistance = V
I R 12 = 2 =
6 W

28. V I R 5. A torch bulb is marked "6 V, 0.25 A".
Calculate the resistance of the bulb.
voltage
current
resistance = V
I R 6 =
0.25 =
24 W

29. 6. A resistor is placed in a circuit
6. A resistor is placed in a circuit. The voltage across it and current through it are measured as 12 volts and 0.02 amperes.
The resistor is now removed from the circuit and an ohmmeter connected across it.
What is the reading on the ohmmeter? V
I R
voltage
current
resistance = 12 =
0.02 =
600 W

30. 7. Find the values of the resistors in the circuit below.2 V 5
R1 = = =
8 W
R3 = = =
20 W I
0.25 I
0.25 V 3
R2 = = =
12 W I
0.25

31. 8. A resistor of resistance 50 W is placed in a circuit
8. A resistor of resistance 50 W is placed in a circuit. The voltage across it is measured as 12 volts.
What is the current in the resistor?
voltage
resistance V
I R
current = 12 = 50 =
0.24 A

32. V I R 9. A 15 W resistor is connected to a 9.0 V battery.
What is the current in the resistor?
voltage
resistance V
I R
current = 9 = 15 =
0.60 A

33. V I R 10. A 25 W resistor is connected to a battery.
The current in the resistor is 0.25 A.
What is the voltage of the battery?
voltage = current x resistance
= 0.25 x 25
= 6.25 V V
I R

34. V I R 11. A 480 W resistor is connected to a battery.
The current in the resistor is 26 mA.
What is the voltage of the battery?
voltage = current x resistance
= x 480
= V V
I R

35. Electric Circuits A circuit is a path where a current can flow
If the flow is to be continuous, there can be no gaps in the path
A closed circuit is required for a current to flow
If the circuit is broken it is called an open circuit

36. A circuit is the path that is made for an electric current.

37. Electric Circuits
There are two ways to connect multiple devices to a voltage source
One is called series
The other is called parallel
Each has unique properties which we now examine

38. Series Circuit
A circuit that only has one path for current to flow through is called a series circuit.

39. Parallel Circuits
A type of circuit that has more than one path for current is called a parallel circuit.

40. If one part of the path is removed, the current continues to flow through the other paths of the circuit.

41. Series Circuits
RTotal = R1 + R2 + R3

42. Series Circuits - A single pathway through the circuit
- The current is the same everywhere in the circuit
- Each device provides resistance and total resistance is the sum of the devices
- Voltage divides among the devices

43. Series Circuit Calculation
12 Volt
10 ohm
20 ohm
30 ohm
RTotal = R1 + R2 + R3

44. Parallel Circuits

46. Parallel Circuits - Each device connects to the voltage source
- Voltage is the same across each device
- Current from source divides into devices
- Total current is the sum of device currents
- Current in each device is just V/R
- Add devices, lower total resistance

47. In a series circuit:
RTotal = R1 + R2 + R3

48. In a parallel circuit

49. Electric Power - Moving charges do work
- We can heat the filament in a light bulb
- We can turn the rotor in a motor
- The rate at which work is done is power
- Electric Power = current x voltage
- Units are watts = joules/sec = amps x volts

50. Electric Power
Electric Power = current × voltage
P = I × V

51. Power Calculation V I R RTotal = R1 + R2 + R3 = 10 + 20 + 30 = 60 Ω
12 Volt
10 ohm
20 ohm
30 ohm =
= 60 Ω V
I R
voltage
resistance
current = 12 60 =
0.20 A =

52. Find the power of the circuit
Current = 0.5A Resistance = 50 Ohms

53. Alternating Current (a.c.) and Direct Current (d.c.)

54. Direct current is current which flows in one direction only; alternating current is current which constantly changes direction.

55. Mains Electricity
Electricity which comes through the sockets in your house is referred to as ‘mains’ electricity’. It changes direction 50 times per second and so is called alternating current (a.c.). ‘Mains’ voltage is 230 volts

56. Fuses - Limit the current that runs through wires in your house
- These wires have some resistance
- Energy loss converts to heat
- Hot wires can start a fire
- Limit the current with a fuse or circuit breaker

57. A fuse is a deliberate weak link in a circuit which will break (melt) if the current exceeds a preset value

59. The neutral wire is blue.
The earth wire is yellow or green.
The live wire is brown or red.
The fuse is on the live wire.

61. In an electric circuit current flows from the positive end of the battery to the negative end. The positive end is represented with a long solid line, and the negative end is represented with a short solid line

62. Diode
A diode is a device that allows current to flow in one direction only The arrow indicates the direction in which current can flow.

63. Image Symbol

64. Used to change AC current to DC current in circuits
Also to protect circuits in DC from batteries placed incorrectly

65. Simple series circuits using diodes

66. In the diagram on the right, current would normally flow in an anti-clockwise direction (from the positive end to the negative end). In this case however current will only flow through part A, and not through part B because the diode in part B is pointing in the wrong direction.

67. Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
LEDs are similar to diodes but emit light when current passes through them They are very important in electronics because they use very little electricity.

68. Image
Symbol

70. Simple series circuits using LEDs
Note that in both circuits the current flows in an anti-clockwise direction (can you remember why?). However the LED in the second circuit is turned the wrong way around so no current will flow in the second circuit and no light will be emitted.

71. Light Dependent Resistors (LDRs)
A LDR is a resistor whose resistance decreases with increasing light intensity

72. Component
Symbol

73. To measure the resistance of a LDR under varying degrees of brightness
Connect the LDR to an ohmmeter or to a multimeter set to read resistance and slowly shield the LDR from light. Notice that the resistance increases

75. Applications of the diode
Almost all electronic appliances have diodes inside them which help turn alternating current into direct current.

76. Applications of the LED
LEDs used to be used primarily as indicators in electronic circuitry (e.g. as standby indicators in televisions, radios etc) but modern diodes can give out a lot of light efficiently and so are now used in many designs of flashlights.

77. Applications of the LDR
Textbooks often mention that LDRs are used to switch on street lights when it gets dark, yet this can seem confusing because the resistance of the LDR is high when it is dark so how can this be responsible for current flowing through the street-light? What actually happens is that this reduced current is detected by a second circuit which in turn uses that information to turn on the street-light

78. What is the function of a diode in a circuit?
What is the function of a LED (Light Emitting Diode)?
What do the letters LDR stand for?
Draw the symbol for (i) ldr, (ii) led
Give one everyday use of (i) an led, (ii) an ldr.

79. Electronics at home

80. Cost of electricity - the kilowatt-hour
The kilowatt-hour is the unit electrical energy used by electricity suppliers. The photograph shows a kWh (kilowatt-hour) meter. This meter is connected into the electricity consumer’s domestic circuit and it can measure energy consumption in a selected part of the circuit, the total energy used and cost it.

82. The unit of electrical energy used by electricity supply companies is the kilowatt-hour

83. The number of kilowatt-hours equals the number of kilowatts multiplied by the number of hours

84. kWh = kW × hours

85. Example The ESB charges for electricity at a rate of 11 cent per kW h
Example The ESB charges for electricity at a rate of 11 cent per kW h. A hair-drier of power rating 1.5 kW is used for 20 minutes each day. (i) How many units of electricity are used? (ii) What is the cost, in cent, of using the hair- drier for six days?

86. The power rating of various appliances
Power (in watts)
kilowatts (kW)
Washing machine
2500
2.5
Microwave
700 .9
Light-bulb 40
.04
Lamp 60
.06
Hair-dryer
3000 3
Kettle
600 .6
Television

87. Effects of an electric current
There are three effects of an electric current; a heating effect, a magnetic effect and a chemical effect

88. Effect Demonstration Everyday application
Heating Effect
An electric current will cause a light-bulb to heat up and emit light
Electric kettle, electric fire etc.
Magnetic Effect
An electric current will deflect a magnetic compass
Electromagnets
Chemical Effect
Electrolysis occurs when an electric current splits water into hydrogen and oxygen
Electroplating