2. HYPNOTHERAPY: AN OVERVIEW
Dr. Rakesh Jain
Institute of Mental Health and Hospital, Agra

3. Glimpses of History
The modern era of hypnosis began with the work of Franz Anton Mesmer ( ), an Austrian Physician. He developed the theory of ‘Animal Magnetism’

4. King Louis XVI in 1784 appointed two commissions to investigate mesmerism. Both the commissions disapproved it, which led to its decline.
John Elliotson ( ), Professor of Medicine at Lodon University and President of Royal Medical and Surgical Society used mesmerism in the treatment of medical and nervous disorders.

5. James Esdaile ( )
A Scottish Surgeon working for East India Company at Calcutta, performed several thousand minor and three hundred major surgeries under mesmerism.

6. Samuel Hahnemann ( )
The Founder of Homoeopathy endorsed the powerful effects of mesmerism in restoring vital force of the patients (Para of Organon of Medicine)

7. James Braid ( )
A surgeon of Manchester scientifically studied the phenomena and in 1843 coined the term ‘hypnotism’ (from Greek hypnos – sleep).

8. Nancy School of Hypnosis
A.A.Liebeault ( ) and Hippolyte Bernheim ( ) established Nancy school of hypnosis in France. They are accredited for proposing psychological explanation i.e. ‘suggestibility’ for hypnosis.
Leibeault
Bernheim

9. Jean Martin Charcot (1825-1893)
Professor of Neurology established ‘Salpetriere School’ of hypnosis in France. He considered hypnosis as a pathological manifestation of hysteria.

10. Joseph Breuer ( ) and Sigmund Freud ( ) used hypnosis to treat hysterical patients. While working with Anna O’, they first time formulated the theory of unconscious determinant of psychological problems.
Freud abandoned hypnosis in favor of free association and developed psychoanalysis. The growth of hypnosis was blocked.

11. Clark L.Hull: The Learning Theorist
The interest in hypnosis was revived by Clark L.Hull. He published a book in 1933 titled “Hypnosis and suggestibility: An experimental approach” which rekindled interest in hypnosis. Because of some legal problems and myths Hull had to close down his laboratory and take up his work on learning.

12. Milton H. Erickson: 20th Century Giant
An American psychiatrist and psychologist, and ‘father of modern hypnosis’, learned from Clark L. Hull and developed numerous innovative induction methods. His approaches are known as Ericksonian Hypnosis

13. Hypnosis Recognized:
British Medical Association recognized hypnosis in 1955 as a legitimate tool for therapy.
American Medical Association recognised it in 1958.
Division-30 of American Psychological Association is devoted to the investigation and application of hypnosis in clinical and other areas.

14. Dispelling Myths Total Loss of Awareness Sleep Hypnotic Mind Control
Fail to Exit
Indication of Weak Mind
Hypnosis vs. Hypnotherapy
Magic Cure
Requirement of Deep Hypnotic Trance
Sadhna
Vomiting Dark Secrets
Power of Hypnotizing
True Events in Deep Trance

15. Meaning of Hypnosis An altered state of awareness
Heightened focal concentration

16. Hypnotizability
A trait which is at peak in late childhood and gradually decreases throughout adulthood.
Hypnotizability Scales:
Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale
Hypnotic Induction Profile
Stanford Hypnotic Clinical Scale

17. Pre-hypnotic Preparation and Explanations:
Case history
Handling myths
Tests of suggestibility
Space requirements
Sudden noise
Direct source of light
Mobile in silence mode
Mosquito repellent

18. Assessment of Suggestibility
Lemon Test
Gun Test
Pencil drop test
Book & Balloon
Rubber Band
Hairs on palm

19. Induction Methods
Relaxation

20. Eye Fixation

21. Other Methods: Arm Levitation Pendulum Method Sleep Command
Microscopic Examination
Rubber Band

22. Stage Techniques

23. Deepening Techniques
Sky
Park
Staircase
Counting
Shrinking
Elevator

24. Tests of Hypnosis
Arons Master Depth Rule

25. Models of Hypnotherapy:
Direct Suggestion Model
Joseph Murphy Model
Age Regression
Life Regression
Life Progression
LBL
Integration of CBT

26. Utilization of Hypnosis
Relaxation
Post-hypnotic suggestions
Cognitive restructuring
Behavioral intervention
Age regression
Life regression/progression

27. Indications of Hypnosis
Insomnia
Anxiety
Phobia
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
Dissociative Disorder
Conversion Disorder
Pain Disorders
Substance Use Disorders

28. Termination of Hypnosis
Reversal of the phenomena induced under hypnosis
Counting
Allowing some time for difficult termination
Option to sleep for 30 seconds

29. Complications: Dizziness Headache Abreaction Irritability Heaviness
Weakness

30. Have a Good Day
Get back to the alert level and enjoy