1. Ancient Peoples of the Southwest 10,000BC to 1500AD
Arizona History Lecture #1
Heidi J. Osselaer

2. The American Southwest
Aztlan
Pimeria Alta
El Norte
The American Southwest
University of Texas Library

3. Mapsof.net

4. Colorado Plateau
Mogollon Rim
Geology.com
Sonoran Desert

5. Jane St. Clair

6. Panoramio.com

7. Moonchalice.com

8. Ayash Basu photo

9. Corbisimages.com

10. Chaco Culture National Historical Park

11. Bering Strait Migration
Approximately 10,000 BC
Sscnet.ucla.edu

12. Paleo-Indians Clovis or Folsom tools made of stone, bone, or wood
Baskets
Highly mobile
Traded extensively
Petroglyphs
Lithiccastinglab.com

13. Cabrillo.edu

14. Bartlett Historical Society

15. Atlatl
University of Minnesota

16. Maize arrives from Mesoamerica around 2000 BC
Food Museum

17. Corn, beans, and squash also known as the “Three Sisters”
Nativepeoplephotographer.typepad.com

18. Corbisimages.com

19. Paleo-Indian
7000 BC and 200 AD
Temperatures rise, less rainfall in Southwest
Maize (corn) imported from Mesoamerica (Mexico)
Hunter diet supplemented with corn, squash, and beans
More sedentary life than the Clovis or Folsom people
Farming requires cooperation and a system of rules and authority
Pottery is more abundant
Metates and manos used to grind corn
Bows and arrows
Lived in pit houses
Users.sticc.edu

20. Metates and manos
Mexicolore.co.uk

21. Doctorozepisodes.com

22. Bartletthistory.org

23. Earthen pit house
Mediacanada.com

24. Earthen pit house interior
Human Habitat Project

25. Plastered pit house
Mesa Verde National Park

26. beans (lysine)+squash+corn= protein
Westirondequoit.org

27. Arizona Leisure

28. Wnn.thefurtrapper.com

29. Puebloan People Includes Hohokam, Mogollon, and Anasazi
“Pueblo” is Spanish word for “town dweller”
More sedentary than Cochise People, but still continued to hunt and gather native plants
Lived in permanent villages in buildings made of clay, wood, and plaster
Employed dry-farming techniques to grow corn, beans, and squash
Worked communally in fields to ensure all members of society were fed
Pottery is used in trade
Flickr.com; Smithsonian Museum of Natural History

30. Hohokam
ASU Arts Works

31. Hohokam Lived in the Salt River Valley
Hohokam means “those who have gone” or “all used up”
Built pueblo homes and used dry-farm irrigation techniques
City of Phoenix

32. Snaketown around AD1000 Snaketown about 1100AD Snaketown site today
Desertmuseum.org

33. Answers.com

34. Recreation of a pit house at the Pueblo Grande Museum

35. Pueblo Grande was built AD500
City of Phoenix

36. Pueblo Grande Museum
Pueblo Grande Museum

37. Excavation of a Hohokam pit house
US Dept. of the Interior

38. Excavation site at Pueblo Grande
Pueblo Grande Museum

39. Ruins at Casa Grande
First prehistoric and cultural site preserved by the US government, 1892
Eartharchitecture.org

40. Ancient ballcourt at Pueblo Grande
Pueblo Grande Museum

41. Hohokam ballcourt
City of Phoenix

42. Artist concept of Pueblo Grande platform mound
Arizona Leisure

43. Snaketown pottery
Antiquehelper.com

44. Hohokam red on bluff pottery
Rarepottery.info

45. Caliche sediment
Ing.pan.pl

46. Excavated Hohokam canal
Desertmuseum.org

47. Hohokam canal system
Navaching.com

48. Canal irrigation of corn
City of Phoenix

49. QT Luong/terragalleria.com

50. Salt River Project canal

51. Wnn.thefurtrapper.com

52. Mogollon Rim
Land Use History of North America-NAU

53. Camparizona.com

54. Mogollon Lived on the Mogollon Rim
Cooler, wetter climate than the Salt River Valley
Location required less irrigation, able to gather and hunt more
Named for a Spanish governor of Mexico
Famous for their pottery
Best Western Payson Inn; Smithsonian Museum

55. Gotsaga.com

56. Chandlerarizonausa.blogspot.com

57. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History

58. Mogollon pottery brownware Mimbres
Texas Beyond History; Flickriver.com

59. Mogollon Mimbres pottery
Flickriver.com

60. Smithsonian Museum

61. En.wikipedia.org

62. Flickr.com

63. Anasazi Four Corners region
Anasazi means “the ancient ones” or “ancestors of our enemies”
Closely related to the Mogollon
First settled at Black Mesa 850AD
10 to 15 inches of precipitation and snowfall a year
Adam Schallau; Cline Library, Northern Arizona University

64. Anasazi ruins at Black Mesa
Cline Library, Northern Arizona University

65. Utah State History

66. Utah State History

67. Desertusa.com

68. Canyon de Chelly ruins
QT Luong/terragalleria.com

69. Chaco Canyon
USA Today

70. Doorways at Chaco Canyon
Panoramio.com

71. Pueblo Bonito
Colorado.edu

72. Architectural plan of Pueblo Bonito
Pueblo Bonito National Monument

73. Jqjacobs.net

74. Adam Schallau

75. Chaco Canyon roads
Arthistory.sbc.edu

76. Anasazi roads
Southwestpilgrimage07.com

77. Kiva ruins Chaco Canyon
Flickr.com

78. Chetro Ketl Great Kiva
Commons.wikimedia.org

79. Foodmuseum.com

80. Anasazi AD
Native American Art Gallery

81. Pictograph shows 1054 supernova
Flickr.com

82. Clayhound.us

83. Salado Named derived from Rio Salado, Spanish for Salt River
Lived in the Tonto Basin AD
Travel.webshots.com

84. Besh-Ba-Gowah
Historical Gila County

85. Salado dwelling AD
Arizona Office of Tourism

86. Salado pottery polychrome
Arizona State University; University of Arizona

87. Sinagua= sin (without) agua (water)
Grinnell University, Anthropology Dept.

88. Sunset Crater Erupts AD1064-1067 Sinagua move south temporarily
Arizona-leisure.com; Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument

89. Desert USA

90. Sinaguan pottery
Cather.unl.edu

91. Montezuma Castle
National Park Service

92. National Park Service

93. National Park Service

94. Montezuma Well
Americansouthwest.net

95. National Park Service

96. Clayhound.us

97. Patayan Culture Upland Yuman Lived around Grand Canyon
Relied on hunting primarily
Descendents include:
Yavapai, Hualapai, and
Havasupai
River/Delta Yuman
Lived in western Sonoran desert
Hunted, but also agriculture
Descendents include: Quechen/Yuman
Highly mobile

98. Patayan intaglios “incised designs”
Philip Coppens

99. Phillip Coppens

100. Common Features of Southwest People
Primarily sedentary
Practiced dry-farming techniques and hunted
Made pottery
Traded extensively
Lived initially in pit houses but then transitioned to pueblo structures
Fairly peaceful
Corbis images

101. Health Issues Hard work and accidents lead to arthritis
Corn-intensive diet deprives body of sufficient calcium, leading to osteoporosis
Anemia and malnutrition common
Average age 25 to 27
Only 5 to 15% live to age 50
83% of children under 10 are anemic
Ancientstandard.com

102. Enamel hypoplasia indicates malnutrition
Proteinpower.com

103. Drought begins AD1090 Crop failures lead to famine
Few trees to supply food and homes for animals
Leads to population decrease
Life.com

104. AD
Increased violence
Great migration
Ushistoryimages.com

105. Apache (Athapaskan) tribes appear
Summer rains vanish
Apache (Athapaskan) tribes appear
Adaptation to a new environment begins
Ansel Adams

106. Questions for Consideration
How did the people of the prehistoric Southwest adapt to a changing climate? Give specific examples.
List common cultural traits shared by the major groups of people living in the Southwest prior to contact with Europeans.