1. Segregation

2. Segregation
Jim Crow Laws: Related to Black Codes. They denied Blacks civil rights like voting and allowed for segregation.
Poll tax: Had to pay a tax to vote.
Literacy test: Have to read to be able to vote. Also have to pass a test.
Grandfather clause: If your grandfather could vote, you could, If he couldn’t, you can’t.

3. Segregation Blacks were segregated in society.
Couldn’t use same bathrooms, restaurants, public transportations, schools, etc. as Whites could.
Segregation was common all across the nation, but more prominent in the South.
Kept Blacks as a lower class citizen.

4. “De jure” Segregation Segregation under the law or legal segregation
Many Southern states passed laws banning blacks and whites from mixing in public spaces such as restaurants, schools, hospitals, theaters, restrooms, etc.

5. “De facto” Segregation
Segregation “in fact”
Not required by law, but rather due to social norms
For example, many churches and neighborhoods remain segregated today due to de facto segregation – by the choice of the people

6. Question Time
1. What is the difference between de facto and de jure segregation?
2. In what ways are Blacks held back and separated from Whites?

7. The Ku Klux Klan Founded in the 1860s.
Used violence to prevent Blacks from voting and to intimidate them from seeking legal help.
Also scared Blacks away from jobs.
In worst cases, resorted to lynching – mob violence involving torture, mutilation, and hanging
Reached peak strength in 1920s, but still exists

8. Wilmington Race Riot November 10, 1898
Democratic Party members and white supremacists illegally burned the offices of the black newspaper the Daily Record and overthrew the Republican municipal government of Wilmington, NC, many of whom were black
An unknown number of blacks were killed in the violence that followed (est. of 6 to over 100)
NC Gov. Russell and US Pres. McKinley took no action against those responsible

9. Benjamin “Pap” Singleton
1809 – 1892
Escaped slave
Believed that blacks would never be treated as equals in the South, promoted idea of black separatism
Started the Exoduster movement
Late in life, tried unsuccessfully to get US government to create a special “black state” in Oklahoma

10. The Exodusters
As Reconstruction ended in the late 1870s, many blacks left the South to seek a better life in Kansas and other Plains states
About 50,000 left the South in 1879 & 1880 alone
Migration continued well into the 1900s

11. Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court case about segregation.
Plessy, a wealthy 1/8 Black man, was asked to leave his seat in a train and go to the Black section.
Plessy sued because he felt his civil rights were violated.
Case gets to the Supreme Court.

12. Plessy v. Ferguson
Supreme Court rules 7-1 in favor of the railroad company.
“Separate but Equal” facilities are not unconstitutional.
As long as services are equal, segregation is ok.
If the civil and political rights of both races be equal, one cannot be inferior to the other civilly or politically. If one race be inferior to the other socially, the Constitution of the United States cannot put them upon the same plane. –Justice Henry Brown
The thin disguise of "equal" accommodations for passengers in railroad coaches will not mislead anyone, nor atone for the wrong this day done. –Justice John Harlan

13. Question Time
3. How did the Supreme Court hold up the ideas of segregation?
4. Why do you think nobody was punished in Wilmington?
5. Why do you think so many Blacks left the South for the West?

14. Booker T. Washington
1856 – 1915
Launched the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama
Encouraged blacks to achieve economic freedom by learning a blue-collar trade
Believed that racial equality would have to be earned over generations, would not come overnight
Received great attention for his Atlanta Address of 1895 in which he explained these philosophies to a mostly white audience

15. W.E.B. Du Bois
1868 – 1963
Strongly opposed Booker T. Washington’s ideas, referred to his famous speech as the Atlanta Compromise
Argued that blacks should strive to achieve jobs in management and professional fields and be strongly politically active to safeguard their legal rights
Refused to accept segregation as a social norm, also refused to wait for social equality
Later emigrated to Africa

16. Niagara Movement Founded in 1905
Civil rights movement which sought a “mighty current” of change
Called for an end to segregation and open opposition in the black community to beliefs like Booker T. Washington’s

17. Ida Wells-Barnett
1862 – 1931
Rose to fame after refusing to give up her seat on a train
Became an outspoken writer and newspaper editor who focused on racial relations, lynchings, and women’s suffrage

18. The NAACP
Founded in 1909 “to promote equality of rights and to eradicate caste or race prejudice among the citizens of the United States; to advance the interest of colored citizens; to secure for them impartial suffrage; and to increase their opportunities for securing justice in the courts, education for the children, employment according to their ability and complete equality before law.”
Founders included Du Bois & Ida Wells; replaced the Niagara Movement as the premiere civil rights organization in the US
NOT a “blacks only” organization – has historically had as many Jewish members as black!

19. Marcus Garvey
Jamaican immigrant who formed the Universal Negro Improvement Association.
Had support of 500,000 Blacks.
Promoted that Blacks should open up their own businesses. He had a newspaper and an organization that helped Blacks get off their feet and to improve their lives.
“Back to Africa” movement
Black Star Line, a steam company would send Blacks back to Africa.
Jailed for mail fraud and deported to Jamaica.
Legacy: respect for Blacks in America and Africa and a sense of African nationalism.
In view of the fact that the Black man of Africa has contributed as much to the world as the White man of Europe and the Brown and Yellow man of Asia, we of the UNIA demand that the White, Yellow, and Brown races give to the Black man his place in the civilization of the world. We ask for nothing more than the rights of 400 million Negroes—Marcus Garvey

20. The Great Migration
Between 1910 and 1930, about 2 million blacks left the South in an effort to escape racism and to find good industrial jobs in Northern and Midwestern cities
This migration continued into the 1970s, but has since reversed – today, many blacks are leaving the North and moving south

22. Native American Suffrage Act
Also called the Snyder Act of 1924 or Indian Citizenship Act
Gave US citizenship to all Native Americans without requiring them to surrender their tribal affiliations
Act was pushed through by whites – Indians had learned enough not to trust the federal government’s promises!

23. Question Time
6. Why do you think there were so many differences of opinion by Black leaders on how to achieve equality?
7. Which Black leader do you agree most with?
8. How did the government try to repair relations with the Indian tribes in the early 1900s?