1. DEC 10 Common Errors Week 4: Cause and Result

2. Identify the cause and the effect in each sentence. 1.Obesity causes a variety of health and social problems. 2.A poor diet is one possible cause of obesity. 3.Breathlessness may be caused by diabetes. 4.Obesity may result in Type 2 diabetes. 5.Depression is a result of low self-esteem. 6.A loss of productivity results from the health impacts of obesity.

3. Identify the cause and the effect in each sentence. 1.Obesity causes a variety of health and social problems. 2.A poor diet is one possible cause of obesity. 3.Breathlessness may be caused by diabetes. 4.Obesity may result in Type 2 diabetes. 5.Depression is a result of low self-esteem. 6.A loss of productivity results from the health impacts of obesity.

4. Verb or Noun? 1.Obesity causes a variety of health and social problems. 2.A poor diet is one possible cause of obesity. 3.Breathlessness may be caused by diabetes. 4.Obesity may result in Type 2 diabetes. 5.Depression is a result of low self-esteem. 6.A loss of productivity results from the health impacts of obesity.

5. Verb or Noun? 1.Obesity causes a variety of health and social problems. (Verb) 2.A poor diet is one possible cause of obesity. (Noun) 3.Breathlessness may be caused by diabetes. (Verb) 4.Obesity may result in Type 2 diabetes. (Verb) 5.Depression is a result of low self-esteem. (Noun) 6.A loss of productivity results from the health impacts of obesity. (Verb)

6. Is the noun cause countable or uncountable? 1.Obesity causes a variety of health and social problems. 2.A poor diet is one possible cause of obesity. 3.Breathlessness may be caused by diabetes. 4.Obesity may result in Type 2 diabetes. 5.Depression is a result of low self-esteem. 6.A loss of productivity results from the health impacts of obesity.

7. Is the noun cause countable or uncountable? 2. A poor diet is one possible cause of obesity. It’s countable.

8. Is the noun result countable or uncountable? 1.Obesity causes a variety of health and social problems. 2.A poor diet is one possible cause of obesity. 3.Breathlessness may be caused by diabetes. 4.Obesity may result in Type 2 diabetes. 5.Depression is a result of low self-esteem. 6.A loss of productivity results from the health impacts of obesity.

9. Is the noun result countable or uncountable? 5. Depression is a result of low self-esteem. It’s countable.

10. Is the verb cause followed by a cause or an effect? 1.Obesity causes a variety of health and social problems. 2.A poor diet is one possible cause of obesity. 3.Breathlessness may be caused by diabetes. 4.Obesity may result in Type 2 diabetes. 5.Depression is a result of low self-esteem. 6.A loss of productivity results from the health impacts of obesity.

11. Is the verb cause followed by a cause or an effect? 1. Obesity causes a variety of health and social problems. It’s followed by an effect SUBJECTVERBOBJECT cause[cause]effect

12. Can the verb cause be passive? 1.Obesity causes a variety of health and social problems. 2.A poor diet is one possible cause of obesity. 3.Breathlessness may be caused by diabetes. 4.Obesity may result in Type 2 diabetes. 5.Depression is a result of low self-esteem. 6.A loss of productivity results from the health impacts of obesity.

13. Can the verb cause be passive? 3. Breathlessness may be caused by diabetes. Yes, it can be passive.

14. Is the verb result + in followed by a cause or an effect? 1.Obesity causes a variety of health and social problems. 2.A poor diet is one possible cause of obesity. 3.Breathlessness may be caused by diabetes. 4.Obesity may result in Type 2 diabetes. 5.Depression is a result of low self-esteem. 6.A loss of productivity results from the health impacts of obesity.

15. Is the verb result + in followed by a cause or an effect? 4. Obesity may result in Type 2 diabetes. It’s followed by an effect. SUBJECTVERBPREPOSITIONOBJECT cause[result]ineffect

16. Is the verb result + from followed by a cause or an effect? 1.Obesity causes a variety of health and social problems. 2.A poor diet is one possible cause of obesity. 3.Breathlessness may be caused by diabetes. 4.Obesity may result in Type 2 diabetes. 5.Depression is a result of low self-esteem. 6.A loss of productivity results from the health impacts of obesity.

17. Is the verb result + from followed by a cause or an effect? 6. A loss of productivity results from the health impacts of obesity. It’s followed by a cause. SUBJECTVERBPREPOSITIONOBJECT effect[result]fromcause

18. Can the verb result be passive? 1.Obesity causes a variety of health and social problems. 2.A poor diet is one possible cause of obesity. 3.Breathlessness may be caused by diabetes. 4.Obesity may result in Type 2 diabetes. 5.Depression is a result of low self-esteem. 6.A loss of productivity results from the health impacts of obesity.

19. Can the verb result be passive? 4. Obesity may result in Type 2 diabetes. 6. A loss of productivity results from the health impacts of obesity. No, it can’t.

20. Practice Complete the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the first. 1. 25% of the cost of treating many health problems is a result of obesity. Obesity _______________ 25% of the cost of treating many health problems. 2. Several societal changes have caused a decline in home cooking. A decline in home cooking has _______________ from several societal changes. 3. Intensive marketing results in an increase in the consumption of junk food. An increase in the consumption of junk food is a ­_______________ intensive marketing. 4. The drop in physical activity is a result of poorly designed urban neighbourhoods. The drop in physical activity _______________ by poorly designed urban neighbourhoods.

21. Complete the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the first. 1. 25% of the cost of treating many health problems is a result of obesity. Obesity _______________ 25% of the cost of treating many health problems. Obesity is the cause of / results in / causes 25% of the cost of treating many health problems.

22. Complete the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the first. 2. Several societal changes have caused a decline in home cooking. A decline in home cooking has _______________ from several societal changes. A decline in home cooking has resulted from several societal changes.

23. Complete the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the first. 3. Intensive marketing results in an increase in the consumption of junk food. An increase in the consumption of junk food is a ­_______________ intensive marketing. An increase in the consumption of junk food is a result of intensive marketing.

24. Complete the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the first. 4. The drop in physical activity is a result of poorly designed urban neighbourhoods. The drop in physical activity _______________ by poorly designed urban neighbourhoods. The drop in physical activity is caused by poorly designed urban neighbourhoods.

25. Review Three of these sentences are correct, and seven have errors. Correct the errors by adding, deleting or changing ONE WORD. 1.Respiratory disorders may cause of breathlessness during exercise. 2.The causes of childhood obesity can be classified under three headings. 3.The lack of parental control over children’s eating habits results poor food choices. 4.Some environmental and lifestyle changes have been caused a reduction in physical activity. 5.Low self-esteem makes it difficult to form friendships. 6.Many children find easy to spend an entire day in front of a screen. 7.In the past, children had walked and rode bicycles more often. 8.In 2009, 13% of children walked or cycled to school whereas 48% did so in 1969. 9.Dietary habit are learned at home. 10.Children have numerous opportunity for physical exercise.

26. Example Three of these sentences are correct, and seven have errors. Correct the errors by adding, deleting or changing ONE WORD. Example: Obesity results of not only health problems, but also economic problems. Answer: Obesity results of in not only health problems, but also economic problems.

27. Review Three of these sentences are correct, and seven have errors. Correct the errors by adding, deleting or changing ONE WORD. 1.Respiratory disorders may cause of breathlessness during exercise. 2.The causes of childhood obesity can be classified under three headings. 3.The lack of parental control over children’s eating habits results poor food choices. 4.Some environmental and lifestyle changes have been caused a reduction in physical activity. 5.Low self-esteem makes it difficult to form friendships. 6.Many children find easy to spend an entire day in front of a screen. 7.In the past, children had walked and rode bicycles more often. 8.In 2009, 13% of children walked or cycled to school whereas 48% did so in 1969. 9.Dietary habit are learned at home. 10.Children have numerous opportunity for physical exercise.

28. 1 Respiratory disorders may cause of breathlessness during exercise.

29. 2 The causes of childhood obesity can be classified under three headings.

30. 3 The lack of parental control over children’s eating habits results poor food choices. The lack of parental control over children’s eating habits results in poor food choices.

31. 4 Some environmental and lifestyle changes have been caused a reduction in physical activity.

32. 5 Low self-esteem makes it difficult to form friendships.

33. 6 Many children find easy to spend an entire day in front of a screen. Many children find it easy to spend an entire day in front of a screen.

34. 7 In the past, children had walked and rode bicycles more often.

35. 8 In 2009, 13% of children walked or cycled to school whereas 48% did so in 1969.

36. 9 Dietary habit are learned at home. Dietary habit habits are learned at home.

37. 10 Children have numerous opportunity for physical exercise. Children have numerous opportunity opportunities for physical exercise.

38. Do you want to see that again? I’ll publish materials from each week’s lecture on my blog on Thursday afternoon. hicktony.wordpress.com If you have any questions about today’s lecture, email me: tony.hickey@sydney.edu.au