2. Get Ready to Read (cont.) Focusing on the Main Ideas The First Christians Roman rule of Judaea led some Jews to oppose Rome peacefully, while others rebelled. Jesus of Nazareth preached of God’s love and forgiveness. He was eventually crucified and then reported to have risen from the dead. Jesus’ life and a belief in his resurrection led to a new religion called Christianity.

3. The Jews and the Romans Jerusalem was the capital of the kingdom of Israel. Emperor Augustus made Judah into a Roman province called Judaea in A.D. 6. (page 343) During the 900s B.C., Israel was divided into two kingdoms: Israel and Judah. The Zealots were Jews who rebelled against the Romans in A.D. 66 to take back their kingdom. The First Christians

4. The Jews and the Romans (cont.) The Zealots were defeated and the temple was destroyed. In retaliation, the Romans forced the Jews to leave Jerusalem and banned them from ever returning. (page 343) The Jews rebelled again in A.D. 132 and were defeated again. The First Christians

5. The Life of Jesus A messiah is a deliverer. (pages 344–347) The Jews believed God would send a messiah to restore the kingdom. Jesus, a Jew born in the city of Nazareth, traveled throughout Judaea preaching his ideas. The First Christians

6. The Life of Jesus (cont.) Jesus’ message was contained in a group of sayings called the Sermon on the Mount. Jesus believed in love and forgiveness, not simply following religious laws. The First Christians (pages 344–347)

7. The Life of Jesus (cont.) Jesus used parables to give his message. Parables are stories that use events from everyday life to express spiritual ideas. Jesus’ followers believed he was the messiah the Jews had been waiting for. The First Christians (pages 344–347)

8. The Life of Jesus (cont.) Leaders in Jerusalem charged Jesus with treason and crucified him. Jesus’ followers believe in Jesus’ resurrection, or rising from the dead. They founded a new religion called Christianity. The First Christians (pages 344–347)

9. Why did Roman rulers punish Jesus with death? They feared his preaching would create a strong reaction among people that would threaten law and order. The First Christians

10. People who accepted Jesus and his teachings were called Christians. The Apostles were early Christian leaders who had been chosen by Jesus to spread his message. They helped establish churches and spread Jesus’ word. Peter and Paul were two of Jesus’ apostles. (pages 348–350) The First Christians

11. The First Christians (cont.) Christians believe Jesus is the Son of God who came to save people. Christians believe people can gain salvation, or be saved from sin and allowed to enter heaven, by accepting Jesus. Christians believe in the Trinity, or one God who exists as three persons: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. The First Christians (pages 348–350)

12. What are parables, and why did Jesus use them? A parable is a story that uses events from everyday life to express spiritual ideas. The First Christians

13. Get Ready to Read (cont.) Focusing on the Main Ideas The Christian Church Early Christians set up a church organization and explained their beliefs. Christianity won many followers and eventually became the official religion of the Roman Empire.

14. A Growing Faith Christianity became popular for several reasons. It appealed to the lower classes because it offered them hope. Christianity spread throughout Rome. (pages 352–354) The ideals of Christianity were similar to what the people already believed. The Christian Church

15. A Growing Faith (cont.) Roman officials began to feel threatened by Christians. Also, Christianity gave people an opportunity to be part of a caring group of people. The Romans began to persecute, or mistreat, the Christians in A.D. 64. Martyrs are people willing to die rather than give up their beliefs. The Christian Church (pages 352–354)

16. A Growing Faith (cont.) The Edict of Milan in A.D. 313 gave religious freedom to all people and made Christianity legal. The Christian Church (pages 352–354)

17. A Growing Faith (cont.) Helena, Constantine’s mother, helped build churches in Rome and Jerusalem. Theodosius, the emperor after Constantine, made Christianity the official religion of Rome in A.D. 392. The Christian Church (pages 352–354)

18. The Early Church Early Christians modeled their church after the Roman Empire’s government structure. (pages 355–356) A hierarchy is an organization with different levels of authority. The Christian community’s hierarchy included five levels: the laity, clergy, bishops, archbishops, and patriarchs. Church members were the laity. The Christian Church

19. The Early Church (cont.) Church leaders were the clergy. Later, clergy were called priests. Several churches grouped together form a diocese, which was led by a bishop. An archbishop was a bishop in charge of an entire region. The five leading archbishops were known as patriarchs. The Christian Church (pages 355–356)

20. The Early Church (cont.) Doctrine is official church teaching. Jesus’ followers, Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, left a written record of his teachings. Each of the apostles’ works is called a gospel, and all four gospels together are part of the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The Christian Church (pages 355–356)

21. The Early Church (cont.) Gradually the pope claimed power over other bishops. The Latin-speaking churches in the West that were led by the pope became the Roman Catholic Church. The pope was the bishop of Rome. The Christian Church (pages 355–356)

22. What is a martyr? A martyr is a person willing to die rather than give up his or her beliefs. The Christian Church

23. Focusing on the Main Ideas Church and government worked closely together in the Byzantine Empire. Christians founded new communities and spread their faith to various parts of Europe. Get Ready to Read (cont.) The Spread of Christian Ideas

24. The Byzantine Church The Greek-speaking Christians in the East developed their own form of Christianity, the Eastern Orthodox Church. The Byzantines believed their emperor represented Jesus Christ on Earth. (pages 359–361) The emperor appointed the patriarch of Constantinople, the leader of the Eastern Orthodox Church. The Spread of Christian Ideas

25. The Byzantine Church (cont.) Different parts of the Eastern Orthodox Church argued over the use of icons, or images of Jesus, Mary, the saints, or other Christian holy people. In A.D. 726, Emperor Leo III ordered all icons removed from churches. People who carried out the order were known as iconoclasts, or image breakers. (pages 359–361) The Spread of Christian Ideas

26. The Byzantine Church (cont.) The Byzantines did not accept the pope’s claim that he was head of all Christian churches, including the Eastern Orthodox Church. After stopping an invasion of Italy by the Franks, the pope named Charlemagne, a Frankish king, as Byzantine emperor. The Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church eventually excommunicated each other. (pages 359–361) The Spread of Christian Ideas

27. The Byzantine Church (cont.) Excommunication is a declaration that a person or group no longer belongs to the church. The split of the two churches was known as a schism. (pages 359–361) The Spread of Christian Ideas

28. Christian Ideas Spread Religious men called monks formed communities called monasteries. Christianity helped people achieve order after the fall of Rome. (pages 361–364) Religious women became nuns and formed religious communities of their own, called convents. Paula was a widow who gave up her wealth to build churches, a hospital, and a convent in Palestine. The Spread of Christian Ideas

29. Christian Ideas Spread (cont.) Basil was a bishop who created a list of rules for monks and nuns called the Basilian Rule. She also helped translate the Bible into Latin. Benedict was an Italian monk who created the Benedictine Rule, the rules for Western monks. (pages 361–364) The Spread of Christian Ideas

30. Christian Ideas Spread (cont.) Cyril was a Byzantine missionary who created the Cyrillic alphabet, so Slavic people could read and understand the Bible. Missionaries are people who teach their religion to those who are not followers. Christianity spread north of the Byzantine Empire into Slavic countries and west into Britain and Ireland. (pages 361–364) The Spread of Christian Ideas

31. Christian Ideas Spread (cont.) The Celts, who lived in Britain before the invasion of the Anglos and Saxons, fled to Ireland. Anglos and Saxons invaded Britain and united to form the Anglo-Saxons. Patrick was a priest who brought Christianity to Ireland. (pages 361–364) The Spread of Christian Ideas

32. What are icons, and why was their use controversial? Icons are images of Jesus, Mary, and the saints. Some Byzantines believed they were idols.

33. The Spread of Christian Ideas What roles did monks and nuns play in Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox life? They ran hospitals and schools, aided the poor, preserved Greek and Roman writings, and acted as missionaries.

34. Section 1: The First Christians Focusing on the Main Ideas The Rise of Christianity Roman rule of Judaea led some Jews to oppose Rome peacefully, while others rebelled. Jesus of Nazareth preached of God’s love and forgiveness. He was eventually crucified and then reported to have risen from the dead. Jesus’ life and a belief in his resurrection led to a new religion called Christianity.

35. Section 2: The Christian Church Focusing on the Main Ideas Christianity won many followers and eventually became the official religion of the Roman Empire. Early Christians set up a church organization and explained their beliefs. The Rise of Christianity

36. Focusing on the Main Ideas Church and government worked closely together in the Byzantine Empire. Section 3: The Spread of Christian Ideas Christians founded new communities and spread their faith to various parts of Europe. The Rise of Christianity

37. How and where did the Christian religion spread? It spread through missionaries to Eastern Europe, Britain, and Ireland. The Rise of Christianity Section 3 The Spread of Christian Ideas Review Main Ideas

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