1. ARISTOTLE ON FRIENDSHIP
© 2014 William Clugston

2. The Life of Aristotle He was born, he philosophized, he died.
Born 384 B.C. in Stagira, northern Greece
Father Macedonian court physician.
At age 17 went to Athens to study at Plato’s Academy.
Left 20 years later when Plato died.
2 years later started tutoring 13 year old Alexander.
3 years later Alexander went off to pursue greatness.
Went to Athens & started his school, the Lyceum.
After about 12 years Alexander died and Athens was in revolt. Anyone associated with him was persecuted & Aristotle was charged with impiety. He left Athens so it would not “commit a second sin against philosophy.”
Went back to Stagira and died a year later at 62. No one knows how or why he died.

3. Plato v. Aristotle Plato – Rationalist Aristotle – Empiricist
Theory of the Forms – perfect, eternal, immaterial templates from which everything in this world is copied.
Provided support for spiritual projects like Christianity and utopian projects like Marxism
Aristotle – Empiricist
Philosopher of Common Sense
There are Forms, but they are in things, not separate from them
Liked to collect things – biological specimens, constitutions
Learn by observing
Provided support for humanism and the scientific revolution

4. Aristotle’s Work
Lectured on virtually everything. Created the modern university curricula.
3 Areas of Science –
Theoretical – truth for the sake of truth
Physical – natural philosophy, senses
Math – abstract but practical
Metaphysics – first philosophy, being
Technical – create things
Practical – how to make men good
Ethics
Political Science

5. Theoretical & Practical Sciences
Basis of Theoretical Sciences
Beginning of the Metaphysics
“All men desire to know. An indication of this is the delight we take in our senses; for even apart from their usefulness they are loved for themselves.”
Basis of Practical Sciences
Beginning of the Nicomachean Ethics
“Every art and applied science, and every action and choice, is thought to aim at some good; and for this reason the good has rightly been declared to be that at which all things aim.”

6. Logic Aristotle invented logic.
Deduction – arriving at new knowledge based on old knowledge.
Syllogism:
All men are mortal
Socrates is a man
Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
Induction – arriving at new knowledge based on observation. From specific to general.

7. 4 Causes
Before you can understand anything, for example a statue of Pericles, you have to answer 4 questions about it.
Material Cause – what is it made of? (bronze)
Formal Cause – what is it’s form? (shape of Pericles)
Efficient Cause – what or who made it? (sculptor)
Final Cause – what is it’s final purpose? (commemorate his famous Funeral Oration)

8. Other Greek Views
Plato – Dialogue, Lysis, deals with the definition of friendship. It does not have any answers, but raises questions that Aristotle tries to answer.
Stoics and epicureans are self-sufficient so friendship is problematic.
Stoics – Community minded, but don’t need to trust or rely on anyone. Basis of friendship is nature. Two rational minds coming together.
Epicureans – Stand apart from society. They argue that by being self-sufficient they have no need for utility type friendship, but are the only ones who can have true friendship.

9. The Nicomachean Ethics
Chief goal of life must be something good in itself and not as a means to something else – happiness. Greek word is eudaimonia also translated as “flourishing.”
Things like wealth, pleasure, honor contribute, but only virtue will make one truly happy.
Examines the various virtues necessary for living well in a polis. In this way, it is a prerequisite to The Politics.
Intellectual virtues (of mind) can be taught.
Moral virtues (of character) have to be practiced.
Doctrine of the Mean
Most moral virtues are the middle between two opposite extremes and you can become proficient in them only by practicing choosing the Mean.
Some, like Justice are not a mean, they just are what they are.
Pays a lot of attention to the “cardinal” virtues of justice, prudence, temperance, and courage.
Best life is one of philosophical contemplation.

10. What is Friendship? Greek word is Philia Reciprocal good will
Philosophy (love of wisdom)
Broader than our word for friendship
What we normally call friends
Family
Business relationships
Civic ties
Social clubs
Religious affiliations
Political parties
What do these have in common? – “wanting for someone what one thinks good, for his sake and not for one’s own.”
Reciprocal good will
Is friendship a virtue? Probably not.

11. 3 Kinds of Friendship
“We do not feel affection for everything, but only for the loveable, and that means what is good, pleasant or useful.”
Friendship Based on Pleasure
Friends with someone because you enjoy their company.
Friendship Based on Usefulness
Friends with someone because you expect to gain some advantage out of the association.
Friendship Based on Virtue
Friends with someone just because they are good (virtuous). Aristotle calls this “perfect” friendship.

12. Friendships Based on Pleasure or Usefulness
Real object of affection is not the person, but what you get out of the relationship.
Ends when the pleasure or usefulness ends.
Friendships based on pleasure are closer to true friendships. “Friendships based on usefulness are for hucksters.”
Happy, self-sufficient people don’t need useful friends, but need pleasant friends.
Young people make friends quickly and tend toward friendships based on pleasure.
“Friendship does not arise easily among the sour and the old, inasmuch as they are rather grouchy and find little joy in social relations. “

13. Friendships Based on Virtue
Tend to last a long time since the object of affection is the person’s character.
Wish friends good will for their own sake.
Perfect friendship is when both friends are equally virtuous.
“The excellent person will need people for him to benefit.” Even happy, self-sufficient people need friends. Virtuous people need to do good for other people and it is more honorable to do good for friends than strangers.
Virtuous friends learn from each other and help each other be virtuous.
Necessarily includes utility and pleasure.
Must spend a lot of time together to develop this type of friendship.

14. Friendship within the Family
Tend to be unequal
Husband superior to wife
Parent superior to child
As with other friendships between unequals, the superior friend brings more to the relationship so the inferior one should show more affection to balance things out.
Just as the giver of a gift tends to have more affection than the receiver, parents tend to have more affection than children, and mothers have more affection to their children than fathers.

15. Civic Friendship
You can have some form of friendship with people you don’t know or know very well.
In a community with civic friendship, people assume that others are common supporters of the civic institutions and the common good.
Where there is friendship there is no need of justice, so where there is civic friendship there is less need for legally enforced justice.

16. Friendship in Different Regimes
The better the regime, the more civic friendship and friendship based on virtue. In the worst regime friendships are based only on pleasure and usefulness.
Good regimes
Monarchy (single good ruler)
Aristocracy (rule by virtuous group)
Timocracy (rule by honorable group)
“Perverted” regimes
Democracy (mob rule)
Oligarchy (rule by uncaring group)
Tyranny (single bad ruler)

17. How Many Friends Can You Have?
The weaker the friendship, like Civic Friendship, the more friends you can have, but still, the Facebook limit of 5,000 friends is too high.
Can only be “in love” with a few people because it’s an extreme of friendship.
Friendships based on pleasure and usefulness are limited because you have to spend time with the people.
Friendships based on virtue are very limited because good people are hard to find and you have the spend a lot of time with them. “We must be content if we find even a few friends of this kind.”
Another limitation is that your friends should be friends with each other.