1. Respirator System In equine

2. A.1- Upper Airways  Nostril ( open from nasal cavity to the out side )  Nasal cavity

3. Anatomy of nasal cavity

4.  A: nasal septum  B: frontal sinus  C:cranial cavity.  D: nasopharynx.  E: larynx

5. Endoscopic view of the middle nasal meatus, showing the swell body of the nasal septum (NS), the dorsal concha (DC) and the ventral concha (VC) Endoscopic view of the ventral nasal meatus of a clinically normal horse

6. Nasal cavity  Separated from the mouth by hard palate  Divided into right halves and left by nasal septum.  The Bothe halves of nasal cavity open into the nasopharynx through the caudal nares

7. Nasal cavity  The each halve of the nasal cavity was subdivided into five passage ways  These passage ways are dorsal nasal meatus, middle nasal meatus, ventral nasal meatus, nasopharyngeal meatus, common nasal meatus  the ventral nasal meatus front caudally into caudally nasopharyngeal meatus which continues through the caudal nares to nasal pharynx  Nasal septum was made up of the vemor bone ventrally and perpendicular palate of ethmoid bone caudally.

9. Nasal cavity  The major parte of nasal septum hyaline cartilage.

10. obstruction of nasal cavity may cause by disease  Mucosal surface such as polyps.  Nasal septum disease.  Nasal conchae.  Distortion of the paranasal sinuses

11. Trauma  External trauma may result in fracture of facial bone specially in the nasal bone.  Clinical signs: 1. profuse bleeding from the nares may be occur.  2. Subcutaneous emphysema may result from penetration of respiratory mucosa.  Diagnosis: 1- Clinical signs 2- X-rays. Treatment: 1- Subcutaneous facial wounds should be treated and a compression bandage applied on die region.

12. 2- Fixation of fracture if you needed. 2- Fixation of fracture if you needed. 3- systemic antibiotic ( Broad spectrum). 3- systemic antibiotic ( Broad spectrum). 4-Tetanus toxoid and phenylbutazone used to reduce post traumatic swelling.

13. Fungal granuloma. The most frequent cause of fungal granuloma of the upper respiratory Tract is Entamophthera coronate, usually associated with a bloody nasal discharge. The granulation tissue may be obstructed of airflow The granulation tissue may be obstructed of airflowDiagnosis: 1. Direct or by endoscopic image of the lesion. 2-Confirmed by histopathology and fungal culture. 3-Clinical signs. Treatment: 1-Surgical excision of the lesion. 1-Surgical excision of the lesion. 2-Infiltration of the lesion by amphotericin B was suggested as the treatment of choice.

14. Neoplasm  Not commonly encountered most often include sq. cell carcinoma and Fibroma.  Clinical signs: odorous serosanguinous or mucopurulent nasal discharge related to tissue necrosis. Diagnosis: Diagnosis: 1- case history. 2-Cl.signs.3-Histopathology. Treatment: Surgical excision was recommended follow by cryosurgery of the base of attachment.

15. Nasal polyps  Usually originated from the m.m of the lining of the nasal cavity, and most commonly their attachment is on. the lateral wall.  Occasionally they may be attached to the nasal septum, when this occurs.  the attachment is usually caudally. Polyps consisting of loosely arranged  fibrous tissue covered by epithelium.  Polyps may be uni or bilateral.

16. Diagnosis 1.Endoscopic examination. 2. partial obstruction of nasal cavity specially in bilateral. Atrephine opening was made into the nasal cavity approximately 2.5 cm caudal to the infraorbital foramen and I cm lateral to the median plane. The opening should be 2.5 cm in diameter allow full accessibility to the nasal cavity and avoid cutting into the nasal septum,once the nasal cavity was entered a finger can be inserted and with a slight pull on the polyp at the external nares, it can be determined where the attachment on the m.m is,then a simple matter of cutting the attachment from m.m.The opening flushing immediately with nitrofurazone solution. The opening was protected from contaminationby placing gauze sponges impregnate with nitrofurazone solution, give tetanus antitoxins. treatment

17. Ethamoid hematoma progressive expansible lesion originated from ethmoid labyrinth or sphenopalatine sinus.The lesion was composed of an encapsulated hematoma covered by respiratory epithelium which may ulcerated focally, expansion of the lesion may occur rostally into the nasal cavity and caudally into the nasopharynx. Etiology Obscure although it may be neoplastic hemangioma Hemangiosarcoma. Clinical signs:  Spontaneous hemorrhage and may cause nasal cavity obstruction.  Foul odor. Diagnosis: 1. clinical signs. 2-Endoscopic recognition of a dark lesion in the caudodorsal aspect of the involved nasal cavity. 3-X-rays. treatment: 1. Cryosurgery the base of attachments was exposed by an approach through the conch frontal sinus. A thorough double freez-thow cycle should be performed and require 20-30 min. using continuous source probe system. 2. Surgical removal by bone flap technique over the affected site.

18. Foreign bodies  May enter nose either through anterior or posterior nares or via abnormal communication between mouth and nose. Etiology:- 1-paralysis larynx or dysphagia, coughing of food into nostril. 2-Dental fistula open into maxillary sinus. 3-Accidental introducing into nostrils e.g particle of hay, piece of spong, wool. 4-Pus remain in site after a case of strangle. Clinical signs: Clinical signs:  Nasalobstruction with respiratory noise  Snorting or rubbing nose against object  Unilateral mucopurulent discharge, may epistaxis.  Observation of foreign body in its near nostril. Diagnosis : 1. clinical signs 2. Rhinoscope Treatment 1. Remove by forceps. 1. Remove by forceps.2-Trephining 3-Gentle stream of warm boiled water directed UP into nostril.