3. GROUP MEMBERS GROUP LEADER Rahat Manzar ASSISTANT Kaniz Akhtar Awan Firdous Anjum Members: Farrukh Imtiaz Shazia Mubeen Tabussum Munir Shaista Hasnat Rizwana Tahir Beatrix Afshan Iram Manzoor Zarina Zulfiqar Farzana Shahid Qamar un Nisa Tehmina Rubani Asma Shaukat Zareena Shaheen Tahira akhtar Raheela Khalid Supervisor Naheed Akram

4. OBJECTIVES Development of an easy mathematical approach towards the students. To know in the better way the terms used in mathematic in English. Using these symbols and signs we are able to understand international books about Mathematics without knowing their language( i.e. Chinese and Japanese). It is the better way to create the attention towards the subject.

5. MATHEMATICS  Science (or group of related sciences) dealing with the logic of quantity and shape and arrangement)  The study of the measurement, properties, and relationships of quantities and sets, using numbers and symbols.

6. Symbol: + What is it: Addition sign How is it read: Plus How it is used : Sum of a few values Expression sample: t3 + 2 = 5 +

7. Symbol: - What is it: Subtraction sign How is it read: Minus How it is used : Difference of values Expression sample: 5 - 2 = 3

9. Symbol. Or x Multiplication How is it read? Multiply by ….times Expression sample 3.5=15

11. DIVISION ÷ Division sign. 3 divided by 4 3 ÷ 4 = 0.75 8 divided by 2 8 ÷ 2=4 ÷

12. SLASH / Slash... divided by...... over... Division 3/4 = 0.75

13. CROSS PRODUCT Cross product sign A cross B written as A x B A x B ≠ B x A X

14. APPROXIMATE SIGN ~ Approximate equal sign is approximately equal to Indicates two values are close to each other x + y ~z

15. SUMMATION summation sign summation The summation mean Sum of many values.

16. SQUARE ROOT square root symbol The square root of... Algebraic expressions

17. EQUALITY SIGN = Equal sign shows that two quantities are equals Indicates two values are the same -(-5) = 5 2z + 4z – 6Z = 0 = =

18. INEQUALITY SIGN Inequality sign is not equal to Indicates two values are different x≠ y ≠

19. GREATER THAN > > Inequality sign is greater than Indicates value on left is larger than value on right 5 > 3 x > y

20. GREATER OR EQUALITY SIGN ≥ Inequality sign is greater than or equal to. Indicates value on left is larger than or equal to value on right side. x ≥y

21. LESS THAN < Inequality sign is less than. Indicates value on left side is less than value on right side. x <y 3 < 5 <

22. LESS OR EQUALITY SIGN ≤ Inequality sign is less than or equal to is at most equal to Indicates value on left side is smaller than or equal to value on right side. X ≤ y

23. BELONGS TO… SIGN Element-of A={a,b} a & b are an elements of set A. A={a,b} a A

24. DOES NOT BELONGS TO.. SIGN Not-element-of is not an element of set. A={a,c, f} b A

25. SUBSET SYMBOL A is a subset of B A={1,2} B={1,2,3,4} A B

26. FOR ALL… SYMBOL Universal quantifier For all For every Logical statements a,b ЄQ`a+b ЄQ

27. proportionalityproportionality sign is proportional to x y indicates two variables change in direct proportion x 1/y indicates two variables change in inverse proportion

28. ……CONTINUATION SIGN so on and up to...... and so on infinitely Extension of sequence A={1,2,3,……,10} S = {1, 2, 3,...}

29. PERCENTAGE % Percent symbol... percent...Proportion 80 percent means 80 out of 100. 80 % 0.032 = 3.2 %

30. VERTICAL LINE | Vertical line means such that. | Used in defining a set {x | x > 4 } A set of first ten natural numbers. {x | x € N and 1 < x < 10}

31. PARENTHESES/ OPEN BRACKET ( ) Parentheses is quantity to list the set of coordinates of open interval. (x + y) + z (x,y,z) (3,5)

32. CURLY OR BRACES BRACKETS { } Curly brackets are the quantity to show the setset Denotes a quantity or a setset E = {2, 4, 6, 8,...}

33. SQUARE BRACKETS [ ] Square brackets are the quantity to show the closed interval Denotes a quantity or a closed interval w + [(x + y) + z] [3,5]

34. PERPENDICULARITY ┴ Perpendicularity symbol is perpendicular to Geometry AC ┴ CD A B C D

35. IMPLICATION SYMBOL logical implication implies... Logical statements A B x=y x+z=y+z

36. LOGICAL EQUALENCE SIGN  equivalent to...  Logical statements  A B x+y y+x

37. “THEREFORE” SIGN Three dots... therefore...... it follows that... Logical statements or mathematical proofs x = y and y = z x = z

38. SYMBOL OF UNION OF TWO SETS U Union symbol. U A={1,2,3} B={3,4} AUB={1,2,3,4} AUB = BUA

39. INTERSECTION SYMBOL Intersection symbol.... A B = B A A={1,2} B={2,3,4} AΠB={2}

40. NULL SET Φ Null symbol The null set The empty set Sets Φ = { }

41. DEGREE SYMBOL º Degree symbol... Degree (s) Angular measure Temperature= 45º T = +20 ºC

42. SYMBOL OF NATURAL NUMBERS N Enhanced or bold N The set of natural numbers N= { 1, 2, 3,...}

43. SYMBOL OF WHOLE NUMBERS W Sign used to represent whole numbers. W={0,1,2,3,4…}

44. SYMBOL OF EVEN NUMBERS E Sign used to represent the set of Even numbers. E={0, ± 2, ± 4, ± 6, ± 8…}

45. SYMBOL OF ODD NUMBERS O Sign used to represent the odd numbers. O={ ± 1 ±2, ± 3,…..}

46. INTEGER SYMBOL, Z Enhanced or bold Z The set of integers Number theory Z= {……,-4,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4,…}

47. RATIONAL NUMBERS Q Enhanced or bold The set of rational numbers Q` Set of irrational numbers.

48. REAL NUMBERS SYMBOL, R Enhanced or bold R The set of real numbers All rational and irrational numbers.

49. ANGLE SYMBOL angle symbol Angle Geometry ABC A B C LMN

50. THETA SYMBOL Greek theta. theta... Suppose measurement of an angle is THETA. Angular variable= 90º

51. PARALLEL SYMBOL // Parallel symbol is used in Geometry L // M

52. SIMILARITY SIGN ~ Similarity sign is similar to Indicates two objects are geometrically similar ABC ~ DEF ~