1. The Wars of Religion France, England and the 30 Years War

2. The Age of the Religious Wars After the Reformation, Protestantism spread all over Europe Between 1555 and 1648 is called “The Age of the Religious Wars” because they was almost constant warfare between Catholics and Protestants Leaders from both Religions struggled for Political power

3. French Civil War War broke out in France between Catholics and Huguenots (Protestants) War ended when a Huguenot King took the throne, converted to Catholicism and declared the Edict of Nantes (The first time any European state allowed religious freedom and toleration)

4. England England became protestant during the rule of Henry 8 th. He converted because he wanted to divorce his wife. When the church would not grant the divorce, he created a new religion with himself as the leader (The Anglican Church) England was religiously unified by Elizabeth 1 st. But she did have problems with Catholics and Puritans (many left to practice their religion elsewhere) Catholic Spain tried to conquer England and sent a huge fleet of ships (The Spanish Armada). The Armada was destroyed by a combination of Bad Weather and superior British tactics

5. The Wives of Henry the 8th Queen Catherine of Aragon (married 24 years). Divorced They had one child, Mary, who was Queen of England for 5 years Queen Anne Boleyn (married 3 years). Executed They had one child, Elizabeth. Elizabeth went on to be Queen for 44 years. Anne was very passionate and outspoken at times, traits not expected of a Queen By the time Anne was accused of incest and adultery, the King already had his eyes on his next wife. Queen Jane Seymour (married less than 2 years). Died after childbirth Queen Jane finally bore King Henry his much desired son and heir. She died 2 weeks after the birth from infection. It has been said that King Henry had a special affection for Jane and felt she was his "true wife." She is the only wife to be buried next to King Henry Queen Anne of Cleves (married 6 months). Divorced. No children King Henry mourned over the loss of Jane for three years before his advisors suggested a marriage for foreign alliance. The King did not love her and didn't find her attractive. The political reasons for the union were becoming less necessary, so they divorced. Queen Kathryn Howard (married 2 years). Executed. No children. The Queen was accused of adultery and promiscuity before marriage. After investigation, the rumors proved to be true and Queen Kathryn was executed Queen Katherine Parr (married 4 years). Widowed No children. Queen Katherine was his 6th and final wife before his death in 1547

6. 30 Years War Fought over Germany which was divided into over 300 small states Spain and Austria tried to unify Germany under Catholicism France, afraid of being caught between Spain and a strong Germany supported the Protestant princes of Germany (even though France was Catholic) Protestants won (Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden joined in near the end) The war ended with the Treaty of Westphalia This treaty stated that each country or state should operate without interference from other countries or the pope. Destroyed the Pope’s power in Europe

7. Witchcraft During this time, for unknown reasons, European became obsessed with witchcraft Both Protestants and Catholics believed in Witches In England alone, over 1000 women were burned as Witches

8. Summary The Reformation was followed by 100 years of turmoil as Catholics and Protestants struggled for power The Protestants won and the paved the way for the separation of Church and state Major conflicts in France, England and especially Germany