1. Demonstrating Ethanol’s Value Octane Value & Performance Blending Issues Today Pathway Forward Steve Vander Griend ICM Inc. 1

2. Ultimate Goal 1.Identify testing that shows accurate emission profiles and performance 2.Address the concerns of both Automotive and Health studies 3.Help the consumer understand the benefits of ethanol 4.Make a better fuel for America 2

3. ICM Data & Background Research 2013-01-1635: An Overview of the Effects of Ethanol-Gasoline Blends on SI Engine Performance, Fuel Efficiency, and Emissions 2013-01-1124: Fuel Composition Effects On Particulate Emissions in Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engines 3

4. Introduction to Ethanol Ethanol as a Fuel  Octane is predictable  Vapor Pressure is predictable  Cooling Effect is 4X gasoline  Distillation changes to gasoline is predictable  Good Hydrogen/Carbon Ratio and Mole fraction  Bio-Degradable with very low toxicity  Positive Carbon Balance Value 4

5. Octane, Does It Matter? Octane Performance over measured Octane Measured Octane (Blending Value) E0 to E30 = +14 Octane E30 to E98 = +7 Octane 5

6. How to Improve Efficiency 6 SAE 2012-01-1277 Effects of Heat of Vaporization, Chemical Octane, and Sensitivity on Knock Levels for Ethanol-Gasoline Blends Increased Efficiency is achieved by increasing the working pressure of each combustion event:  Octane allows the increase of overall efficiency increase.  Sensitivity allow a wider range of overall efficiency when optimized (horizontal)

7. Dealing with Market Based Fuels & ASTM 7

8. 8 Controlling Reid Vapor Pressure in and out of Reformulated Gasoline Areas Lowering RVP - Lowers Evaporative Emissions -Increases Cold Start Emissions -Increases PM/PN Emissions Reduces Fuel Mixing Higher Distillate Aromatics Found in Gasoline Today Reduced Emissions Best Efficiency

9. 9 Ethanol’s Clean High Octane Advantage

10. 4 Looking for a Pathway that Raises The Value For Ethanol 10 Questions- ? Steve Vander Griend ICM Inc., svandergriend@icminc.com 316-213-6132

11. Additional Slides 11

12. ICM’s Testing In Detroit/ EPA Approved Facility 12 Gasoline Optical Picture During Cold Start E85 Average of 3 Vehicles

13. 2011 Buick Regal, FTP Drive Cycle Particulate Number Accumulation 13