1. علاء اللحام pears

2. لإجّاص الأوروبي أو الكمثرى Pyrus communis الإجّاص التركماني Pyrus turcomanica الإجّاص الثيودوروفي Pyrus theodorovii الإجّاص الشتوي Pyrus nivalis الإجّاص الشوكي Pyrus spinosa الإجّاص صفصافي الأوراق Pyrus salicifolia الإجّاص الصقلي Pyrus sicanorum الإجّاص الفورونوفي Pyrus voronovii الإجّاص القلبي Pyrus cordata الإجّاص المجري Pyrus magyarica الإجّاص المنحني Pyrus nutans الإجّاص اليالتيريكي Pyrus yaltirikii كوشي ( اصفر ) سفردول ( اخضر )

3. Pears are original from Europe and Asia Form: Typically quite upright and conical with very narrow branch angles. Geographical zone : cold temprate Dicot plant It is a medium-sized tree, reaching 10–17 metres (33–56 ft) tall, often with a tall, narrow crown; a few species are shrubby. Most are cold-hardy, withstanding temperatures between −25 °C (−13 °F) and −40 °C (−40 °F) in winter Several species of pear are valued for their edible fruit, while others are cultivated as ornamental trees.shrubby

4. Life cycle : perennail pear trees will produce fruit in the fourth to sixth year of growth It takes about two months between when pears first appear on your tree and when they are ripe enough to harvest. Overall, the harvesting season for pears falls between the beginning of August and the end of October.

5. leave simple leaves and alternately arranged one leaf per node along the stem Leaves are elliptic/ovate with acute tips, with a finely serrated margin, 1 to 4 inches in length, shiny green above, paler and dull below. Deciduous tree leaves drop off in winter Pears require 900-1000 chill hours to break dormancy,

6. Flower Complete Flowers inferior ovary ( epigynous flowers) about 1″ inch diameter with white petals(5 petal), and similar to apple except for having longer pedicels. The inflorescence is corymbose, containing 5-7 flowers (also different from apple). Pollination Most cultivars require cross pollination for commercial fruit set. Honey bees are the main pollinator. Some cultivars are partially self- fruitful – ‘Bartlett’, ‘Orient’, ‘Baldwin’, ‘Kieffer’, ‘Spalding’.

8. fruit Fruit: A large edible pome (3 to 4 inches), pear-shaped. the fruit is fleshy Fruit A pyriform (European) or round (Asian) pome. As in apple, the fleshy edible portion is derived from hypanthium tissue. There are 5 central seed cavities, usually bearing 2 seeds each as in apple. Harvested firm mature but ripened later

9. Nutrition value

10. twigs and bark Twigs :Glossy brown to reddish brown, medium in texture,. Bark: Gray-brown to reddish brown, becoming grayish brown with shallow furrows and flat-topped scaly ridges.

11. bud flower buds with multiple flowers within a single bud buds are positioned as single buds on spurs buds pass through up to eight stages in development from fully dormant to full bloom.

13. Propagation The pear is normally propagated by grafting a selected variety onto a rootstock, which may be of a pear variety or quince. Quince rootstocks produce smaller trees, which is often desirable in commercial orchards or domestic gardens. Standard sized pears are chip or t-budded onto compatible rootstocks like most tree fruits. quince (Cydonia oblonga) is used as a dwarfing stock,graftingrootstockquince

14. Environmental Conditions Nature will play a big role in whether your pear tree will produce fruit and if so, how much and when. Fruit trees generally need a dormant period during the cold winter months to blossom properly in the springtime. If the winter is too mild, the blossoming stage will be drawn out, and fruit bearing will be delayed and stunted. A cold spell during spring can also kill the fruit buds, making it impossible for your pear tree to blossom and produce fruit. : Soil Pears can grow in loamy, sandy or clay soils, though they do best in rich, loamy soil. Pears grow best in soil with a pH between 6.0 and 6.5 pear trees can tolerate both alkaline and acidic soils,

15. Plant spacing depand on the cultivar and soil condition can range form 4X4 to 7X7 pruning and training Training is important in the first 3 years Proper tree maintenance will ensure that your pear tree produces fruit on time and in abundance. Pear trees require full sun and intermittent, deep waterings. Fertilizer helps, but too much nitrogen will promote excessive foliage growth at the cost of fruit production. Pruning is essential to promoting the formation of fruit buds. Pear treetops should be pruned, encouraging the tree to develop its horizontal branches. The goal in pruning is for sunlight to reach all the tree's leaves evenly, creating optimum conditions for fruit production.