1. REFRIGERATION, COMPRESSED AIR SYSTEMS & EFFICIENT USE OF ENERGY
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2. Principles of Refrigeration
Refrigeration means to
COOL AN OBJECT BELOW ITS SURROUNDING TEMPERATURE
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3. Vapour Compression Cycle
Basic Components of the vapour compression refrigeration system 3 2
Compressor
Condenser
Throttling Device
Evaporator
CONDENSER
COMPRESSOR
EXPANSION VALVE
EVAPORATOR 1
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4. Vapour Compression Cycle
PRESSURE
KN/m2
CONDENSER HEAT REJECTION
CONDENSATION 3 2 Pd 3 2
CONDENSER
COMPRESSION
COMPRESSOR
THROTTLING
EXPANSION VALVE
EVAPORATOR Pe 4 1 1
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EVAPORATION
ENTHALPY
REFRIGERATION EFFECT
WORK DONE
KJ/Kg

5. VAPOUR COMPRESSION CYCLE COMPONENTS
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6. REFRIGERANTS CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS (CFC) R-11 R-12
HYDROCHLOROFLUOROCARBONS (HCFC)
R- 22
R-123
HYDROFLUOROCARBONS (HFC)
R-32
R-125
R-134a
R-143a
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INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
R- 717
R- 718
R- 729

7. Unit of Refrigeration The unit of refrigeration is
TON OF REFRIGERATION ( TR )
1 TR = 12’000 Btu/hr BRITISH UNITS
1 TR = KW SI UNITS
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8. Refrigeration Cycle Efficiency
The refrigeration cycle efficiency is known as
COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE (COPREF)
(COPREF) = Refrigeration Effect KJ/Kg
Work Done KJ/Kg
(COPHP) = Condenser Heat Rejection KJ/Kg
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9. Refrigeration Equipment Efficiency
The equipment efficiency is given as EER or kW/TR
ENERGY EFFICIENCY RATIO (EER)
Use for smaller capacity equipment such as Window type & Split type equipment
(EER) = Capacity Btu/hr
Power Input Watts
kW/TR Use for large capacity equipment such as Chillers
(kW/TR) = Power Input kW
Capacity TR
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10. P-h DIAGRAM FOR REFRIGERANT 134a
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11. MONTRÉAL PROTOCOL OBLIGATIONS
Face-out of CFC in year 2005
Introduction of Quota for HCFC in year 2015
Face-out of HCFC in year 2040
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12. Refrigerant Safety Classifications
ASHRAE Standard
Refrigerant Safety Classifications
Group A3
Group B3
Group A2
Group B2
Group A1
Group B1
Higher
Flammability
INCREASING FLAMMABILITY
Lower
Flammability
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No Flame
Propagation
INCREASING TOXICITY
Lower
Toxicity
Higher
Toxicity

13. Safety Classifications
Refrigerant Data &
Safety Classifications
REFRIGERANT
CHEMICAL
FORMULA
NAME
SAFETY
CLASSIFICATION
AMOUNT OF REFRIGERANT
PER OCCUPIED
SPACE (ppm)
TLV-TWA
(ppm)
R-11
CCl3
Trichlorofluoromethane A1
4’000
C1’000
R-12
CCl2F2
Dichlorodifluoromethane
40’000
1’000
R-22
CHClF2
Chlorodifluoromethane
42’000
R-134a
CH2FCF3
1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane
60’000
R-717
NH3
Ammonia B2
500 25
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14. AMMONIA (NH3) R-717
In-expensive Refrigerant best suited for industrial use
Higher refrigeration effect 474 Btu/lb, comparison; R-12 = 50 Btu/lb , R-22 = 70 Btu/lb, R-134a = 64 Btu/lb, R-404A = 48 Btu/lb
7- times higher refrigeration effect!!!
Specific volume of suction gas is high ft3/lb compare to 1.2 ft3/lb of R-22, needs larger pipes, compressors
Higher delivery temperatures 210 ºF, needs water cooled heads for compressor
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15. COOLING TOWER (CT) INDUCED DRAUGHT
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16. COOLING TOWER (CT) CROSS FLOW
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17. COOLING TOWER (CT) FORCED DRAUGHT
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18. WATER PUMPS VERTICAL IN-LINE
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19. FAILURES DETECTION OF SIMPLE FAILURES
Refrigeration Plant should function properly, if the following checks are OK.
At a glance
Suction sweat
Warm liquid line & clear sight glass from bubbles
Condenser outlet air warm
Condenser water in & out has significant feel of temp deference
Using measuring equipment
Manifold Gauge Set - measure the pressure of refrigerant
Clip-on Ammeter measure the current flow and voltage
Sling Psychrometer - measure the dry bulb & wet bulb temp.
Anemometer measure the air flow
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20. FAILURES DETECTION OF SIMPLE FAILURES …cont.
Detection by observation - A/C unit malfunction if the following observations are found
Sweating down stream of the Filter/dryer – Filter Block
Ice build up at compressor – Over Charge, damaged comp. valves
Ice build up at evaporator – Under charge, gas leak, air filter clogged, cooling coil blocked, fan belts are loose
Bubbles in the sight glass- lack of refrigerant or blocked filter/drier
Oil drops near refrigerant pipe fittings, components etc. – Refrigerant leaks in the system.
Condenser shell cooler & evaporator shell warmer (Centrifugal Chiller) – at low condensing temperatures, refrigerant migrates to evaporator
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21. COMPRESSED AIR SYSTEMS
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22. Compressed air system provides……..
Provides air under compression to pneumatic drives
Use reciprocating or screw compressors with storage receiver
Use pressure regulators at the air user point to reduce the air pressure
Use water separators to prevent water vapour entering the air user equipment
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23. ROTARY SCREW COMPRESSORS
Pulsation free air
100% continuous duty
Quiet operation
Energy efficient at full load
Extended service intervals
Reliable long life
Improved air quality
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24. TIPS FOR COMPRESSED AIR SYSTEMS
Locate the compressor closest to the largest air user to reduce pressure drop through the air line
Ventilate the compressor well
Keep 3 feet around the compressor unit
Surrounding temperature should be below 115 ºF
Avoid extreme humidity
Keep air filters clean all the time
Use refrigerated and desiccant dryers to reduce water vapour concentration
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25. EFFICIENT USE OF ENERGY
Resources are limited and conserve energy
Refrigeration
Reduce heat transfer
Select energy efficient equipments
Compressed air systems
Fix all leaks in the piping
Regulate lowest pressure at air user
Reduce blow-offs
Shut-off air supply to off-line air users
Consider multi staged compressors
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26. THANK
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