1. Classical Mechanics and Special Relativity with GA Suprit Singh

2. GA is Clifford Algebra with GEOMETRIC and PHYSICAL interpretation of its mathematical elements. We need to unlearn a few ambiguous things ironically prevalent : the product of vectors… – The magnitude of a vector is contained in the scalar product… – The direction being specified by Cross product….which is one roadblock we wish to clear… so stamp them out..introduce the ‘OUTER’ product An Outline of Geometric Algebra A little Un-Learning Geometric Product Clifs Vector Algebra Vector Equations

3. Recipe for the Vector Salad Define The addition of two is then Perfectly legitimate powerful axiom…. any resemblance???? Yes...its like a complex number, isn’t it? We’ll use this from now on, instead of the Inner and Outer products… An Outline of Geometric Algebra A little Un-Learning Geometric Product Clifs Vector Algebra Vector Equations

4. The elements of GA are generated through exterior products..scalars, vectors, bivectors, trivectors and so on…multi-vectors…multi-multi-vectors…and we can sum any of them…(remember its not the ordinary addition) such a general element we call a ‘CLIF’ and they form a linear space. With all this..there’s a wonderful surprise package..you can ‘divide’ here… Here’s a example, An Outline of Geometric Algebra A little Un-Learning Geometric Product Clifs Vector Algebra Vector Equations

5. Okay, here are some of the ‘Old’ things in ‘New’ and ‘Better’ ways… – The area of a parallelogram, with the orientation – Vector Identities An Outline of Geometric Algebra A little Un-Learning Geometric Product Clifs Vector Algebra Vector Equations

6. And some of the New Division Flavor An Outline of Geometric Algebra A little Un-Learning Geometric Product Clifs Vector Algebra Vector Equations

7. The Coordinates Metric Singularities Falling In Formation Penrose Diagram Schwarzschild Black Hole The N-dimensional Euclidean Space is the solution of where the dimensionality of the Space is hidden in the element I, called the pseudoscalar. Choose We get the solution which corresponds to the Euclidean Plane spanned by The Vector and Spinor Plane G(2) Plane- Spinors Rotation in a plane

8. Interpreting the pseudoscalar: Directed Unit Area in the plane Generator of Rotations Plus we have our Algebra splitting two The even sub-algebra forms the well known Complex Plane The Vector and Spinor Plane G(2) Plane- Spinors Rotation in a plane

9. The re exists one-to-one mapping between Complex Numbers and Vectors through the choice of scalar axis We call them 2-spinors as their ‘Operational ‘ Job is Rotating vectors, see… This also then implies that Angle better be interpreted as area The Vector and Spinor Plane G(2) Plane- Spinors Rotation in a plane

10. The Three Space An Extended Choice Cross Product Quaternions Reflections Rotations Extending our previous choice of I, we have 8-d graded linear space We got 3 bivectors corresponding to 3 planes…so alls same as 2-plane…with a few extras

11. OMG, Where’s the Cross Product ???? Here it is…the dual of the plane formed by two vectors… And here’s where the Quaternions materialize… They are bivectors and not the vectors if the scalar part is set to zero…this solves their Reflection problem….Trumpets Please... The Three Space An Extended Choice Cross Product Quaternions Reflections Rotations

12. Here’s the First Power Display of GA…The reflection of a vector written compactly as a simple expression And for any general multivector The Three Space An Extended Choice Cross Product Quaternions Reflections Rotations

13. The Second Power : Rotations expressed in a double sided generic form… Start off with a vector and subject it to two successive reflections : Define Rotor, R and then inspecting components of vector, a in and out of plane A.. The Three Space An Extended Choice Cross Product Quaternions Reflections Rotations

14. We get to an Important conclusion :

15. Euler Angles : We require Hence adopt the procedure : The Three Space An Extended Choice Cross Product Quaternions Reflections Rotations

16. A sleek and simple representation

17. Spacetime Algebra (STA) Vectors Higher Elements Spacetime Split Dynamical Relative Vectors Lorentz Rotation The postulates of Special Relativity require a non-Euclidean metric signature… That is, we need modify our condition in Euclidean spaces.. The mixed metric gives rise to reciprocal spaces… Then any spacetime point is given by :

18. Spacetime Algebra (STA) Vectors Higher Elements Spacetime Split Dynamical Relative Vectors Lorentz Rotation Bivectors : The timelike bivectors square to +1…we can see hyperbolic geometry coming up.. Pseudoscalar : Gives a useful map between the 2 types of Bivectors…

19. The invariant interval for a timelike path for λ = τ implies… In the rest frame, the proper time is a preferred parameter of path such that velocity is timelike..and can be identified with Choose the frame of rest vectors normal to v…den a general event can be decomposed as where as you see..the x is a relative vector/ spacetime bivector for a event… The invariants remain same for all observers… Spacetime Algebra (STA) Vectors Higher Elements Spacetime Split Dynamical Relative Vectors Lorentz Rotation

20. Some Relative Vectors…  Relative Velocity :  Momentum and Energy : Proper Acceleration Bivector: Spacetime Algebra (STA) Vectors Higher Elements Spacetime Split Dynamical Relative Vectors Lorentz Rotation

21. Generalize 3D Euclidean rotation to Minkowski…requiring… defining the Lorentz transformation from one frame to another…through 6 generators.. which for example for boost in z-direction gives… Spacetime Algebra (STA) Vectors Higher Elements Spacetime Split Dynamical Relative Vectors Lorentz Rotation

22. Some applications… Relativistic Velocity Addition Doppler Effect Spacetime Algebra (STA) Vectors Higher Elements Spacetime Split Dynamical Relative Vectors Lorentz Rotation

23. Motion under a constant force : Classical Mechanics Constant Force Angular Momentum Central Force Non-inertial frames Magnetic Field

24. Angular momentum Bivector : encodes are swept by a radius vector around some origin… Hence the definition requires.. The toque is also then In terms of the geometric product, In situations where there is spherical symmetry, L is conserved, with magnitude Classical Mechanics Constant Force Angular Momentum Central Force Non-inertial frames Magnetic Field

25. V=V(r), then Total E is conserved… Consider Classical Mechanics Constant Force Angular Momentum Central Force Non-inertial frames Magnetic Field Spinor Way:

26. Classical Mechanics Constant Force Angular Momentum Central Force Non-inertial frames Magnetic Field

27. Motion in a constant Magnetic Field :

28. The quantity on left is relative vector,, we multiply both sides by ‘gamma’ to get derivative wrt proper time… Similarly, for B, Combining, where : Define: A Look at Electromagnetism The Lorentz Force Covariant Maxwell’s Equation

29. The Lorentz Force law can now be written as, The power equation is now, Adding latter to the first after a suitable multiplication, we have the covariant law… The Covariant Maxwell Equation :

30. A Look at Electromagnetism The Lorentz Force Covariant Maxwell’s Equation First, we combine the two equations for E and B as Introducing F : Writing We have the Maxwell Equation : And as a consequence,

31. Thank you