1. EUROCONTROL EXPERIMENTAL CENTRE from Passenger Perspective or… I n t e r m o d a l i t y from Passenger Perspective or… PhD Thesis EUROCONTROL Experimental Centre & University of ZILINA Antonia COKASOVA antonia.cokasova@eurocontrol.int Supervisors: Vu DUONG & Ludek BENO PASSENGERS’ CHOICE BETWEEN HIGH-SPEED TRAIN AND AIR TRANSPORT

2. EUROCONTROL EXPERIMENTAL CENTRE 2 parties3 parties … combine different transport modes in a seamless travel experience… What is intermodality What is intermodality? 2 success stories FRA 3.7 million HST users CDG 0.7 million HST users

3. EUROCONTROL EXPERIMENTAL CENTRE Why intermodality in Europe - airport ATFM delay compared to total delay increased to 46% in 2003 - 66% of airport derived ATFM delays caused by only 8 European airports - these 8 airports handle only 19% of European traffic - airlines hub & spoke way of operation

4. EUROCONTROL EXPERIMENTAL CENTRE Why intermodality in Europe - passengers wasting time by taking detour via hub airport - many short haul flights - 50% of traffic less than 800 km - fragmented network - 10% of city pairs represent 50% of traffic

5. EUROCONTROL EXPERIMENTAL CENTRE Intermodality – our hypothesis 50 % less than 370 N.M. No more Congestio n Yahoo…

6. EUROCONTROL EXPERIMENTAL CENTRE Only benefits, but… No more Congestion Yahoo…  reduce en-route & airport congestion  increased runway capacity  reduce travel time for passengers  reduced negative impact of transport on environment  more balanced PAX modal split in Europe  freed slots used for long haul flights  increase airports catchment area  more travel choice for passengers  higher passenger throughput at airports But…practice different than theory LHR - CDG

7. EUROCONTROL EXPERIMENTAL CENTRE Air Rail Intermodal Transport from Passenger Perspective at the Major European Airports  Pilot questionnaire in France (Air or Rail?)  Time equation  Demand model  Modal split for 2 O/D pairs  EEC Newsletter March 2003 www.eurocontrol.fr/Newsletter/200 3/March/Intermodality/abstract_v0 _2.htm Where we started and where we go…

8. EUROCONTROL EXPERIMENTAL CENTRE Why from Passenger Perspective !  basic physical retroaction - how to make intermodality work for passengers, so passengers can work for aviation, choosing High Speed Train instead of air services on short haul - how to make intermodality work for passengers, so passengers can work for aviation, choosing High Speed Train instead of air services on short haul

9. EUROCONTROL EXPERIMENTAL CENTRE Objective Work done  Sound knowledge of air-rail intermodality  Description of existing services offered by operators  Feasibility, existing infrastructure and future plans  Airlines’/airports’/railways’ approach and future vision  Impact of intermodality - the most likely scenarios (co-operation?)  Main constraints of intermodal transport Current work  Passenger perspective of intermodal travelling  First hand information – the most important passenger preferences  Overview of passenger requirements in Europe  Questionnaires from Thalys & Eurostar  Airport Lisbon, Paris CDG In the future  Forecast of passenger modal split in Europe – different scenarios  Impact of intermodal transport on air traffic

10. EUROCONTROL EXPERIMENTAL CENTRE Passenger perspective  Connectivity issues -Point-to-point -Feeder service -Leg part  Definite winner -More travel choices -Better customer care -Travel time saving -Cleaner environment -Lower prices

11. EUROCONTROL EXPERIMENTAL CENTRE Travel time – AIR vs. RAIL  What is the efficient distance/time for PAX (TIME is prior to distance) Air Travel Time Transport to Airport Time spent at the Airport (check-in, boarding) Flight time Awaiting for the baggage + customs Transport from the Airport 50 min60 min???20 min50 min 180 min + ??? 70 min + ??? 30 min10 min??? 30 min Rail Travel Time Transport to Station Time spent at the Station Travel time Transport from the Station

12. EUROCONTROL EXPERIMENTAL CENTRE Modal split and distance

13. EUROCONTROL EXPERIMENTAL CENTRE Questionnaires  Thalys International Paris –Brussels/Amsterdam - 260 valid questionnaires  Eurostar Paris – London (return) - 276 valid questionnaires  Lisbon airport 152 valid questionnaires  CDG Paris airport 216 valid questionnaires 904

14. EUROCONTROL EXPERIMENTAL CENTRE Preliminary results ticket price travel time access to airport or station schedule & frequency Walking & waiting time on-board comfort on-board services luggage handling 60% 40% 10%

15. EUROCONTROL EXPERIMENTAL CENTRE …business and leisure But… Is HST ticket really much cheaper? Is air transport any faster on short haul?

16. EUROCONTROL EXPERIMENTAL CENTRE …is there a common denominator?

17. EUROCONTROL EXPERIMENTAL CENTRE …men and women – striking differences

18. EUROCONTROL EXPERIMENTAL CENTRE …what are your habits?

19. EUROCONTROL EXPERIMENTAL CENTRE …what are your habits - BUGGAGE transfer?

20. EUROCONTROL EXPERIMENTAL CENTRE …what are your habits – travel time? …last but not least, any CORRELATIONS? WOMEN choice of airplane & comfort choice of HST & price of travel LEISURE choice of airplane & comfort choice of HST and nationality

21. EUROCONTROL EXPERIMENTAL CENTRE Preliminary results  Only 7% of PAX would be willing to pay more for train ticket than plane ticket  Only 8% of PAX check about luggage handling possibilities  64% find connection issues very important  65% wait at airports more than an hour before scheduled flight time  55% arrive to train station less than ½ hour before train departure time  16% would be willing to pay extra for luggage through check, but 34% strongly denies spending any extra money on luggage through check  66% base their choice of transport mode on travel time  21% would pay extra to have luggage delivered to their domicile  42% passengers have different preferences when travelling business …and more

22. EUROCONTROL EXPERIMENTAL CENTRE Future work ??? Impact of intermodality on air traffic better distribution of transport demand more satisfied passengers =less waiting time released runway and ATC resources immediate relief to congestion reduced negative environmental impacts improves ground access to airports No more Congestio n Yahoo… - passenger perspective – a key to well organised intermodal solution - investigate mutual satisfaction of two sets of needs = how to make air-rail inter-modality work towards passenger satisfaction, so passengers can assist in releasing constrained airport and ATM capacity by using High Speed Train instead of short haul flights - what is the amount of traffic that could be replaced by HST, what is PAX tendency to modal shift?

23. EUROCONTROL EXPERIMENTAL CENTRE …long way ahead