1. Chapter 2 On the Motherboard The Complete A+ Guide to PC Repair 5/e Update

2. Define the purpose of the major components on a motherboard including the BIOS, clock, front side bus, and expansion slots. Recognize and identify the motherboard, CPU and expansion slots. Explain the basic operation of a processor and issues to consider when upgrading it. Identify methods to add functionality to portable devices. Compare and contrast motherboard expansion slots. Learn the benefits of active listening. Explain different motherboard technologies such as HyperTransport, HyperThreading and multi- core. Chapter Objectives

3. Microprocessor (or processor) CPU (Central Processing Unit) Clones – IBM compatibles PC (Personal Computer) Another name for a computer 4 1 2 3 Processor Overview

4. Byte Table

5. Binary Prefixes

6. Processor Basics Gigahertz (GHz) Register Size Bus The number of bits processed at one time by the processor. Counted in multiples of 8 bits, such as 8-, 16-, and 32-bit register size. Sometimes referred to as word size by the computer industry. Processors today have 64-bit or 128-bit register sizes. Hertz is a measurement of cycles per second (or frequency). One hertz equals one cycle per second. One gigahertz (1GHz) is one billion cycles per second. Electronic lines to move the 1s and 0s inside the computer.

7. Processor Basics Moves the 1s and 0s inside the processor. Used to connect the processor to adapters, storage devices, and peripherals. Also called the external data path, these lines connect to ports and expansion slots. Internal Data Bus External Data Bus

8. Processor Basics Internal and External Data Buses. Chip Set

9. Intel Processors

10. AMD Processors

11. Cache memory that is located inside the processor. Cache memory that is inside the processor packaging but not part of the CPU, also known as on-die cache. Cache memory located in the CPU housing or on the motherboard. Cache - A fast type of memory designed to increase the speed of microprocessor operations. Cache L3 – High End Servers

12. Cache

13. Clocking

15. Combines two CPUs on a single unit. Dual-core CPU Tri-core CPU Quad-core CPU Combines three processors in a single unit. Two dual-core CPUs installed on the same motherboard or two dual-core CPUs installed in a single socket. Another way to speed up operations is to have two or more processors. Multi-core Processors

17. Sockets and Slots has even rows of holes around the square socket PGA (pin grid array) SPGA (staggered pin array) used on Intel Celerons and Pentium 4s PPGA (plastic pin grid array) µPGA (micro pin grid array) used with AMD and Intel processors LGA (land grid array) has staggered holes so more pins can be inserted used by AMD

18. Sockets and Slots

19. Processor Cooling Many processors now have heat sinks (metal bars protruding from the CPU to form a basic radiator) and/or fans. Some systems have multiple fans. Heat Sinks Liquid is circulated through the system, including through a heat sink that is mounted on the CPU. It allows higher clock speeds and is quieter than a fan. Liquid cooling system

20. Heat Sinks

21. Processor Cooling Correct Air Flow

22. Processor Cooling Incorrect Air Flow

23. Installing Processors Computer is off and unplugged. Use antistatic wrist strap and attach to a ground on computer. Remove old processor by lifting ZIF socket retaining lever. Insert CPU into socket (fits only one way). Configure motherboard by jumpers or BIOS software configuration (refer to manual for exact steps). Always hold the CPU by the edges to avoid bending or touching the pins underneath.

24. Installing Processors This figure shows an AMD CPU being installed. Notice how the ZIF socket lever is raised.

25. In order to overclock, you must have the motherboard documentation to determine whether the system board supports different CPU speeds and different multipliers. Overclocking Is changing the front side bus speed and/or multiplier to boost CPU and system speed. This can cause damage to the CPU, motherboard, or other components. Overclocking Processors

26. MMX, SSE and 3DNow!

27. Expansion Slots Expansion slots allow adapters to be installed into the motherboard to add capabilities to the PC. Be able to identify expansion slots and distinguish between the adapters that use them. Be able to install the proper adapter in the correct expansion slot and configure both correctly. Know the abilities and limitations of each type of expansion slot when installing upgrades, replacing parts or making recommendations.

28. ISA (Industry Standard Architecture ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) – The oldest expansion slot, is configured in 8-Bit and 16-Bit slots.

29. PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) – The previously popular expansion slot. PCI comes in four varieties: 32-bit 33MHz, 32-bit 66MHz and 64-bit 33MHz. Another standard is the PCI-X (PC I Extended) which can operate at 66MHz, 133MHz, 266MHz, 533MHz and 1066MHz.

30. AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) AGP – Bus interface for graphics adapters developed from the PCI bus.

31. AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) Speeds up 3-D graphics, 3-D acceleration and full- motion playback. The video subsystem is isolated from the rest of the computer. Allows the video adapter to directly access RAM on the motherboard when needed.

32. Newer technology Full duplex Serial interface Assigns “lanes” for use by an adapter 4 1 2 3 PCIe Overview

33. PCIe Different Slot sizes that represent the maximum number of lanes assigned to the slot. x1 x4 x8 x16 A PCIe adapter requires a minimum number of lanes An x4 PCIe adapter works in a PCIe x4, x8 or x16 expansion slot.

34. PCIe (Peripheral Component Interconnect- Express

35. PCIe Beware of the PCIe Fine Print Some motherboard manufacturers offer a larger slot size, but the slot runs at a slower speed. This keeps costs down. The manual would show such a slot as x8 (x1 mode) in the PCIe slot description.

36. 32-bit, 33MHz standard was developed to allow PCI upgrades and interface cards to be added to laptops, docking stations and printers. Mini PCI Mini PCIe ExpressCard Manufacturers are now starting to use 52-pin mini PCIe cards. High-performance, hardware expansion standard for mobile computers. Laptop Expansion

37. Connector on the motherboard for combination audio and modem adapters without taking up a PCI slot. Not only supports audio, modem and networking, but also supports DSL modems. AMR CNR ACR Allows integration of network card functions with sound and modem. More Motherboard Connectors

38. Chipsets are the principle chips on the motherboard that work in conjunction with the processor and allow specific features. Chipsets control… Chipsets

40. Types of Motherboards

41. Upgrading and Replacing Motherboards There are several issues to be taken into account when upgrading a motherboard Memory Adapter types Type of case Processor Chipsets Hard drive Power supply Future upgrade-ability

42. Motherboard Troubleshooting

43. Soft Skills—Active Listening Active listening is participating in a conversation where you focus on what the customer is saying—in other words, listening more than talking. For a technician, active listening has the following benefits: Allows you to gather data and symptoms quickly Allows you to build customer rapport Improves your understanding of the problem Allows you to solve the problem quicker because you understand the problem better Provides mutual understanding between you and your customer Provides a means of having a positive, engaged conversation rather than having a negative, confrontational encounter Focuses on the customer rather than the technician Provides an environment where the customer might be more forthcoming with information related to the problem