1. 1 Waking and Sleeping Rhythms Module 15

2. 2 States of Consciousness Overview Waking Consciousness  Selective Attention  Levels of Information Processing Sleep and Dreams  Biological Rhythms and Sleep  Why Do We Sleep?  Sleep Disorders  Dreams

3. 3 History of Consciousness 1.Psychology began as a science of consciousness. 2.Behaviorists argued about alienating consciousness from psychology. 3.However, after 1960, mental concepts (consciousness) started reentering psychology.

4. 4 Consciousness is an awareness of ourselves and our environment. Forms of Consciousness Bill Ling/ Digital Vision/ Getty Images Christine Brune Stuart Franklin/ Magnum Photos AP Photo/ Ricardo Mazalan

5. 5 Neuroscience & Consciousness Neuroscientists believe that consciousness emerges from the interaction of individual brain events much like a chord that is created from different musical notes.

6. 6 Selective Attention Our conscious awareness processes only a small part of all that we experience. We intuitively make use of the information we are not consciously aware of. Estimate, with the 5 senses 11,000 bits of information are available per second, we consciously process about 40. (Wilson 2002)

7. 7 Selective attention video Link to original Another Example

8. 8 Perception  Cocktail Party Effect “… in a crowded room in which lots of different conversations are being conducted simultaneously, you still notice if someone mentions your name.”

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10. 10 Inattentional Blindness Inattentional blindness refers to the inability to see an object or a person in our midst. Simons & Chabris (1999) showed that half of the observers failed to see the gorilla-suited assistant in a ball passing game. Daniel Simons, University of Illinois Choice blindness link BBC pics 3:39 Choice blindness and Jam 2:16

11. 11 Change Blindness Change blindness is a form of inattentional blindness in which two-thirds of individuals giving directions failed to notice a change in the individual asking for directions. Link 4:48 Link 4:48 © 1998 Psychonomic Society Inc. Image provided courtesy of Daniel J. Simmons. NovaNova :51 Another source 5:57Color changing card trick 3:10Another sourceColor changing card trick

12. 12 Consciousness & Information Processing The unconscious mind processes information simultaneously on multiple tracks, while the conscious mind processes information sequentially. Conscious mind Unconscious mind Subconscious mind

13. 13 Biological Rhythms and Sleep Circadian Rhythms occur on a 24-hour cycle and include sleep and wakefulness. Termed our “biological clock,” it can be altered by artificial light. Light triggers the suprachiasmatic nucleus to decrease (morning) melatonin from the pineal gland and increase (evening) it at nightfall. Illustration © Cynthia Turner 2003

14. 14 Jet Lag

15. 15 Sleep and Dreams  Sleep  periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness

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17. 17 Measuring sleep: About every 90 minutes, we pass through a cycle of five distinct sleep stages. Sleep Stages Hank Morgan/ Rainbow

18. 18 EEG (electroencephalograph) Recordings Typical of Awake Brain and 5 Sleep Stages Sleep is active! Slow wave

19. 19 Awake but Relaxed When an individual closes his eyes but remains awake, his brain activity slows down to a large amplitude and slow, regular alpha waves (9-14 cps). A meditating person exhibits an alpha brain activity.

20. 20 During early, light sleep (stages 1-2) the brain enters a high-amplitude, slow, regular wave form called theta waves (5-8 cps). A person who is daydreaming shows theta activity. Sleep Stages 1-2 Theta Waves

21. 21 During deepest sleep (stages 3-4), brain activity slows down. There are large-amplitude, slow delta waves (1.5-4 cps). Sleep Stages 3-4

22. 22 Stage 5: REM Sleep After reaching the deepest sleep stage (4), the sleep cycle starts moving backward towards stage 1. Although still asleep, the brain engages in low- amplitude, fast and regular beta waves (15-40 cps) much like awake-aroused state.

23. 23 Sleep and Dreams  REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep  recurring sleep stage  vivid dreams  “paradoxical sleep”  muscles are generally relaxed, but other body systems are active What are dreams Nova 51.00

24. 24 90-Minute Cycles During Sleep With each 90-minute cycle, stage 4 sleep decreases and the duration of REM sleep increases.

25. 25 Fig. 5-5a, p. 180

26. 26 Fig. 5-5b, p. 181

27. 27 The Nature of Sleep and Dreams

28. 28 Why do we sleep? We spend one-third of our lives sleeping. If an individual remains awake for several days, immune function and concentration deteriorates and the risk of accidents increases. Jose Luis Pelaez, Inc./ Corbis Link sleepless surgeons NOVA 3:10

29. 29 Sleep Deprivation 1.Fatigue 2.Impaired concentration, creativity & communication. 3.Emotional irritability. 4.Depressed immune system. Healthy sleep and optimal performance 59:57

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31. 31 Sleep Deprivation Hurts performance on simple, boring tasks more than challenging ones

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33. 33 Accidents Frequency of accidents increase with loss of sleep Sleepless surgeons

34. 34 Sleep deprivation  REM Rebound  REM sleep increases following REM sleep deprivation

35. 35 Functions of Sleep Restoration theory —body wears out during the day and sleep is necessary to put it back in shape Adaptive theory— sleep emerged in evolution to preserve energy and protect during the time of day when there is little value and considerable danger Link 12:52

36. 36 Sleep and insight….

37. 37 Individual Differences in Sleep Drive Nonsomniacs—sleep far less than most, but do not feel tired during the day Insomniacs—have a normal desire for sleep, but are unable to and feel tired during the day

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39. 39 1.Insomnia: A persistent inability to fall asleep. Fatal Insomnia Link 43:19 Fatal Insomnia Link 2.Narcolepsy: Overpowering urge to fall asleep that may occur while talking or standing up. Narcoleptic dog 1:49 Narcolepsy 4:00 Narcoleptic dog 1:49Narcolepsy 4:00 3.Sleep apnea: Failure to breathe when asleep. Link 2:27 Link Sleep Disorders

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41. 41 Children are most prone to:  Night terrors: The sudden arousal from sleep with intense fear accompanied by physiological reactions (e.g., rapid heart rate, perspiration) which occur during Stage 4 sleep.  Sleepwalking: A Stage 4 disorder which is usually harmless and unrecalled the next day.  http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/channel/videos/extreme- sleepwalking/  Sleeptalking: A condition that runs in families, like sleepwalking. Sleep Disorders

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43. 43 Sleep and Dreaming Over the Life Span

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48. 48 What We Dream 1.Negative Emotional Content: 8 out of 10 dreams have negative emotional content. (men & women) 2.Failure Dreams: People commonly dream about failure, being attacked, pursued, rejected, or struck with misfortune. 3.Sexual Dreams: Contrary to our thinking, sexual dreams are sparse. Sexual dreams in men are 1 in 10; and in women 1 in 30. Manifest Content: A Freudian term meaning the story line of dreams.

49. 49 Why We Dream 1.Wish Fulfillment: Freud suggested that dreams provide a psychic safety valve to discharge unacceptable feelings. The dream’s manifest content may also have symbolic meanings (latent content) that signify our unacceptable feelings. 2.Information Processing: Dreams may help sift, sort, and fix a day’s experiences in our memories. 3.Physiological Function: Dreams provide the sleeping brain with periodic stimulation to develop and preserve neural pathways. LinkLink Why do we dream 58:25

50. 50 Why We Dream 4.Activation-Synthesis Theory: Suggests that the brain engages in a lot of random neural activity. Dreams make sense of this activity. 5.Cognitive Development: Some researchers argue that we dream as a part of brain maturation and cognitive development.

51. 51 Manifest Content Monsters On Bikes I have this recurring dream of being chased by a gang of monsters on bikes. I know the neighborhood that I am in because I used to live there. I am on foot trying to get away and hiding in places that I know are safe. But they keep finding me. I also know it is Halloween, because I am in costume and so is everyone else. I am screaming for help, but the people around me, and the people whose doorbells I am ringing keep telling me that there is no one after me. They ask me if I want some candy to calm myself down. Then they start taking guns and shooting at me, but they miss. Finally, I can't run anymore, and they catch up to me, and grab me by my nose when I wake up. Thank you! Jessica October 1, 2000

52. 52 Latent Content Hi Jessica, Chase dreams are quite common and often reflect a situation that you are afraid in confronting. Being chased by a gang of monsters sounds quite frightening. You indicated that in your dream it was Halloween. These monsters were probably really people dressed in their own mask and costumes. The scenario of your dream and being that it is Halloween, furthers my belief that you are truly afraid in directly confronting a particular situation. Disguises and costumes protect and shield your real self. Behind a mask, you adapt a new persona and and feel freer in releasing your inhibitions. The costume/mask provides some sort of barrier against your vulnerabilities. It protects you from being hurt. Another significant aspect of your dream is that the people you turn to for help turns against you. Does this parallel a situation in your waking life where you felt betrayed or that your trust was undermined? Next time you have another chase dream, turn around and confront the chasers. You may be surprised to find that what you are running from is not all that frightening. In doing so, you will even find that your recurring chase dreams will occur less often. Best Regards, Steve

53. 53 http://www.learner.org/vod/asx/ca- usc/Discovering_Psychology_Updated_13.asxhttp://www.learner.org/vod/asx/ca- usc/Discovering_Psychology_Updated_13.asx http://www.learner.org/vod/asx/ca- usc/Discovering_Psychology_Updated_14.asxhttp://www.learner.org/vod/asx/ca- usc/Discovering_Psychology_Updated_14.asx

54. 54 EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (7th Edition in Modules) David Myers PowerPoint Slides Aneeq Ahmad Henderson State University Worth Publishers, © 2008

55. 55 Biological Clocks Biological clocks are internal units that control parts of the body and which are regulated by nature. They operate on free- running cycles (under their own control). Through entrainment, some cycles can be modified to fit a different rhythm (sleep-wake cycle). LinkLink The secret life of your body clock 49:11

56. 56 Sleep and Dreams REM SLEEPNREM SLEEP 1. Rapid eye movement1. Non-rapid eye movement 2. Increases in length as night’s sleep progresses. 2.Decreases in length as night’s sleep progresses. 3. Vivid dreams3. Vague, partial images and stories 4. Nightmares4. Incubus attacks (night terrors) 5. Paralyzed body5. Sleepwalking & talking in sleep 6. Essential part of sleep6. Less essential part of sleep