2. Aviation Cloud Forecasts – A True Challenge for Forecasters v       Jeffrey S. Tongue NOAA/National Weather Service - Upton, NY Wheee !

3. Outline What are we forecasting? How are we doing “it” ?? How “good” are we doing? How can we improve?

4. What are we forecasting ? Total Cloud Cover Cloud base height Cloud amount

5. Total Cloud Amount Done in GFE Percent of opaque clouds covering the sky on a 5x5 km CONUS grid.

6. Example

7. Cloud Base How high (ALG) will the clouds be? Who Cares? –Public? …maybe… –Aviation? …hopefully… –What’s important? …It Depends… Airport/Runway Minimum Aircraft Minimum Pilot Minimums Airline Minimums Airport Instrumentation

8. Example

9. Clouds Base What does the forecaster do? Forecast the Weather ! Be cognizant of the impacts of the forecast. Forecast the Weather ! Give it your best forecast

10. The Aviation Forecast The best forecast is the Correct Forecast. The worst forecast is the mushy CYA forecast. BKN030 TEMPO OVC008

11. The Forecast Is a Forecast A PIECE of the Planning tools for aviation weather.

12. What’s a Ceiling? 50% or more cloud cover – BKN or OVC. What about <50% cloud cover.

13. How much cloud cover is there?

14. How Good are we? GPRA Goals: –POD 46% –FAR 68%

15. Eastern Region < 1000’ ceiling 10/97 – 09/04 –POD 35% –FAR 42% FY 05 –POD 47% –FAR 61%

16. Do you think we can improve ???

17. How do you forecast a cloud? Advection? Convection? Persistence? Soundings? Satellite? Other Observational Tools?

18. How do you forecast a cloud? Numerical Weather Prediction models?

19. Models Relative Humidity??? Model Clouds???

20. Model Soundings?

24. RH Time Section

25. Model Clouds and Bases

26. How good are Model at predicting the vertical profile of moisture and ceilings???? OH NO !!!

27. What Can we Do????

28. Model Output Statistics! Good idea. Removes biases. Adds Climatology.

29. MOS Problem? Is the “Weather” in CAR the same as BTV and JFK and CTP? Regional Equations - 21

30. We need more Rules of thumb? “in this situation, the cloud base “usually” remains IFR until late morning.” CLIMATOLOGY!!! “Conditional” Climatology

31. AVNFPS Good Luck

32. MODCV

33. Simple Easy to use Customizable Intuitive

34. MODCV Set up categories by clicking THEASHOLDS on the main GUI

35. Using MODCV Set Data Type Set Climatology Set the Month the Current Hour or “future” hour Set Wind Direction Set Initial Conditions (if CONDITIONAL CLIMO)

36. Using MODCV GRAPHS

37. MODCV Graphs 4 Graphs – 2 types! –Categorical Probabilities 1-Hour 3-Hours –Cumulative Probabilities 1-Hour 3-Hours Clicking on the graph expands the individual graphic for all the time ranges.

38. Example If it’s October in Cleveland and at 12Z the Wind was S and the ceiling was 1700, Climatologically, what time would the ceiling become VFR ?

39. Another Example It’s Nov 5 th at 05Z, it’s clear and wind is NE at 10KT. You confidently “forecast” BKN008 at 11Z, but you don’t know if the stratus will lift or not or will dissipate. Set MODCV to November at 11Z, place an initial ceiling of 800 ft and set the wind direction to NE

41. What Did you come up with? 11Z OVC008 14Z OVC015 15Z BKN025 17Z SCT035 Or maybe… 11Z OVC008 1430Z OVC015 17Z SCT035

42. MODCV Table

43. Don’t go for the largest number, but look for trends. Ensure there are enough observations in the data set. If observations are low (<50), set the wind direction to all and/or use unconditional climatology.

44. Conclusion Cloud height forecasts remain a challenge for forecasters. A combination of all the tools are needed: –Observations –Model Output –MOS –Climatology

45. AVNFPS – Improvements?

47. Conclusion Cloud Forecasting Remains a “Challenge” Verification shows that forecasts are not very good. NWP models have a difficult time with moisture and clouds. Applied Climatology can help. MODCV (or its equivalent) is a “tool” that all aviation forecasts should use. Remember – The TAF is a FORECAST - NOT an Observation !