1. Chapter 3 Introduction to Logic © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

2. © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 3-4-2 Chapter 3: Introduction to Logic 3.1 Statements and Quantifiers 3.2 Truth Tables and Equivalent Statements 3.3 The Conditional and Circuits 3.4 More on the Conditional 3.5Analyzing Arguments with Euler Diagrams 3.6Analyzing Arguments with Truth Tables

3. © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 3-4-3 Chapter 1 Section 3-4 More on the Conditional

4. © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 3-4-4 More on the Conditional Converse, Inverse, and Contrapositive Alternative Forms of “If p, then q” Biconditionals Summary of Truth Tables

5. © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 3-4-5 Converse, Inverse, and Contrapositive Conditional Statement If p, then q ConverseIf q, then p InverseIf not p, then not q ContrapositiveIf not q, then not p

6. © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 3-4-6 Example: Determining Related Conditional Statements Given the conditional statement If I live in Wisconsin, then I shovel snow, determine each of the following: a) the converse b) the inverse c) the contrapositive Solution a) If I shovel snow, then I live in Wisconsin. b) If I don’t live in Wisconsin, then I don’t shovel snow. c) If I don’t shovel snow, then I don’t live in Wisconsin.

7. © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 3-4-7 Equivalences A conditional statement and its contrapositive are equivalent, and the converse and inverse are equivalent.

8. © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 3-4-8 Alternative Forms of “If p, then q” The conditional can be translated in any of the following ways. If p, then q. p is sufficient for q. If p, q.q is necessary for p. p implies q.All p are q. p only if q. q if p.

9. © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 3-4-9 Example: Rewording Conditional Statements Write each statement in the form “if p, then q.” a) You’ll be sorry if I go. b) Today is Sunday only if yesterday was Saturday. c) All Chemists wear lab coats. Solution a) If I go, then you’ll be sorry. b) If today is Sunday, then yesterday was Saturday. c) If you are a Chemist, then you wear a lab coat.

10. © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 3-4-10 Biconditionals The compound statement p if and only if q (often abbreviated p iff q) is called a biconditional. It is symbolized, and is interpreted as the conjunction of the two conditionals

11. © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 3-4-11 Truth Table for the Biconditional p if and only if q p q T TT T FF F TF F FT

12. © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 3-4-12 Example: Determining Whether Biconditionals are True or False Determine whether each biconditional statement is true or false. a) 5 + 2 = 7 if and only if 3 + 2 = 5. b) 3 = 7 if and only if 4 = 3 + 1. c) 7 + 6 = 12 if and only if 9 + 7 = 11. Solution a) True (both component statements are true) b) False (one component is true, one false) c) True (both component statements are false)

13. © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 3-4-13 Summary of Truth Tables 1. The negation of a statement has truth value opposite of the statement. 2. The conjunction is true only when both statements are true. 3. The disjunction is false only when both statements are false. 4. The biconditional is true only when both statements have the same truth value.