1. European Renaissance and the Reformation Chapter 1

2. Section 1: Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance

3. Italy’s Advantages  During the middle ages, Europe suffered much war and plague  Renaissance-means “rebirth”  The long period of suffering caused people to want to celebrate life and the human spirit  Renaissance in this context refers to a revival of art and learning  Educated men & women of Italy hoped to bring Italy back to the culture of classic Rome and Greek eras

4. Italy’s Advantages  The Renaissance led to innovative styles of art and literature-also stressed importance of individual  So why Italy??

5. Italy’s Advantages  First, Italy boasted many large city states  Most of Europe was still rural but Northern Italy was urban  So what?  Well, cities are where people exchange ideas  Plague meant smaller labor pool, which meant laborer could demand more money  Business owners had few opportunities to expand so they pursued other interests- like art

6. Italy’s Advantages  Second, Italy had Merchants and the Medici  In smaller Florence and Milan, merchants were able to dominate politics  Merchants were not of nobility so they had to work for social rank  Many believed power could come from politics  Cosimo de Medici-wealthy and powerful merchant from Florence; Medici family became most powerful in the region

7. Italy’s Advantages  Looking to Greece and Rome  Renaissance scholars looked down on art and literature of the Middle ages  They wanted to return to the learning of the Greeks and Romans  They drew inspiration from Roman ruins, ancient Latin manuscripts, and ancient Greek manuscripts

8. Classical and Worldly Values  Classics lead to humanism-intellectual movement that focuses on human potential and achievements  Humanists influenced artists and architects to carry on ancient Greek vlaues  Humanists popularized the study of humanities- like history, literature, and philosophy  So thank the Italians for being in this class!!

9. Classical and Worldly Values  During the Middle Ages people showed piety by wearing rough clothing and eating plain food  Renaissance spirit was to be secular-worldly rather than spiritually-live in here and now  Eventually church leaders began living in lavish mansions and wore expensive clothes

10. Classical and Worldly Values  Church leaders beautified Rome by becoming patrons of the arts by financially supporting art  Renaissance leaders and wealthy families were also patrons. Donating art showed wealth and importance

11. Classical and Worldly Values  Renaissance man- One who excelled in many fields (universal man)  Educated men expected to create art  Renaissance Woman-Expected to inspire art but not create  Upper Class women more educated than lower class, but had no political influece  Exception-Isabella d’Este

12. Renaissance Revolutionizes the Art  Artists often portrayed religious subjects, but used a realistic style copied from classical models  Renaissance painters used the technique of perspective- shows 3 dimensions on a flat surface

13. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles  Michelangelo used realistic style to paint human body  Emphasis on individual meant painters began to paint citizens  Donatello made sculpture more realistic by carving realistic human poses  Created David- first large scale nude statue since ancient times

14. Heroes in a Half Shell  Leonardo da Vinci- Renaissance man painted, sculpted, invented, and was a scientist.  Painted the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper  Raphael studies works of Leonardo and Michelangelo  Created many works of art dealing with Madonna and child

15. Turtle Power  Not TMNT, but women  Sofonsiba Anguissola was first women to gain international acclaim as an artist  Painted Spanish royal family  Artemisia Gentileschi-trained with her father and created art of strong heroic women

16. Renaissance Writers  Dante-Italian writer who wrote in vernacular-his native language-rather than Latin  Francesco Petrarch-father of Renaissance humanism  Giovanni Boccaccio-used humor to illustrate the human condition  Niccolo Machiavelli- wrote “The Prince”, to advise rulers how to gain power and then stay in power  Vittoria Colonna- woman writer, wrote about personal subjects

17. Section Two: The Northern Renaissance

18. The Northern Renaissance Begins  The bubonic plague and Hundred Years War caused population to decline in France and England  As urban areas began to grow, they began to look to the arts  The Renaissance mingled with northern traditions and developed its own character  Renaissance plants the seeds for social reform

19. Artistic Ideas Spread  As France and Italian city states engaged in war, Italian artists moved to safety in N. Europe.  German painters Albrecht Durer studied in Italy and influenced Hans Holbein.  Flanders focused on becoming the artistic center of Northern Europe.  Jan van Eyck became famous for oil painting, Pieter Bruegel painted scenes from everyday life

20. Northern Writers Want to Reform Society Italian humanist ideas inspired northern Europeans to question the Church. Northern humanists were critical of the failure of the Church to inspire people to live like Christians These people became known as Christian humanists- focused on reforming society-esp. education for all children

21. Northern Writers Want to Reform Society  Desiderius Erasmus and Tomas More-Most famous Christian humanists  More wrote Utopia- means “no place” in Greek, means ideal place in English. Book is about place where there are no wars, greed, or corruption. Money is irrelevant  Christine de Pizan wrote about the difference in treatment of boys and girls-advocated schools for girls

22. Elizabethan Age  Period of time of Queen Elizabeth’s Reign  Queen Elizabeth was well educated, wrote poetry and music and supported the development of art and literature  William Shakespeare-most famous writer of this era.

23. Printing Spreads Renaissance Ideas  Johan Gutenberg developed the first printing press in Germany in 1440.  Chinese developed numerous presses in 1000s but their language was to big to use-press was not practical  First thing printed was a full size Bible.  Printing presses created many copies of a single work. Made books cheap.

24. The Legacy of the Renaissance  A period of great artistic and social change  It marked a break with the medieval period ideas focused around the church  Renaissance ideas of dignity of individuals played a key role in the rise of Democracy  The printing press helped leterature spread to the masses

25. Section 3: Luther Leads the Reformation