1. Sara Van Gerwen, Audrey Archibald
Marriage

2. WHAT IS MARRIAGE?
Marriage is a social union or legal contract between individuals that creates kinship. It is an institution in which interpersonal relationships, usually intimate and sexual, are acknowledged in a variety of ways, depending on the culture or subculture in which it is found

3. WHY DO PEOPLE GET MARRIED?
They fall in love
Afraid of being alone
Feel obligated if pregnant, or have child
Religious beliefs

4. DIFFERENT KIND OF MARRIAGES.
Gay or Lesbian marriage
Polygamy
Arranged marriage

5. WHAT MAKES A MARRAIGE WORK?
Respect
Trust
Faithfulness
Love
Commitment
Honesty
Sexually satisfied
Show appreciation

6. JOE PAUL TYLER BRANDON
MATE SELECTION

7. Many people do not plan to remain single, but intend to marry when they:
Finished their education.
Establish a career
Earn some money
Get a divorce
Find a suitable partner
In some countries the parents choose their spouse for their child.
Arranged marriages may involve talking with parents and/or the parents of the families involved  Long process of negotiation

8. Mate Selection within Arranged Marriages
Mates are chosen for you by parents, elders, or marriage brokers (matchmakers essentially)
Possible Factors
Family Wealth
Social status
Education
Health
Physical appearance and ability to have children

9. Mate Selection within Arranged Marriages
Incest Taboos – People may not marry certain family members; in place to prevent inbreeding or congenital disabilities but also to limit jealousy within families
In Canada there is a long list of those legally ineligible for marriage including some relations by marriage or adoption.
In Canada, you cannot marry someone by which you have ties of consanguinity (blood), affinity (marriage), or adoption.
Therefore you cannot marry your half-sibling, step-sibling or your adopted sibling.

10. Consanguinity and Children of the Israeli Kibbutz
Virtually all cultures have an aversion to marriage between relatives too closely related genetically. It is known that there is a higher risk of disease and early death for the offspring of parents who are closely related. A Czech research study of 160 children born to women who had an incestuous relationship with a father, brother, or son revealed that more than half the offspring did not survive long enough to have children themselves. Of 95 children born to the same mothers by non-related father, over 90 percent were healthy enough and lived long enough to have their own children.

11. Consanguinity and Children of the Israeli Kibbutz
So strong is the taboo against consanguity that the aversion to marry sibling can also apply to those who are like siblings. On Israeli kibbutzim, non-related children were raised as if they were siblings (communal lifestyle). Children of both sexes shared dormitories and washrooms and studied and worked together. IN one study of the 2769 second generation kibbutz members raised together as if they were sibling, not one marriage among them occurred. The biological rationale for limiting marriage partners it the basis of social norms and laws forbidding marriage with close relatives.

12. Fun facts
Levirate - In some polygamous cultures marries rules say that a man should marry the widow of his dead brother.
In other societies people practice the “sororate” which is marriage to a wife’s sister.
Example: man may marry wife’s sister if his wife can’t have children. Some of the resulting children would be considered those of the first wife.
Example: wife dies; her family (kin group) will provide a sister as a wife for the widower.
Marriage is more of an alliance than a joining of individuals.

13. Mate Selection within Arranged Marriages
Romantic love is not considered to be a good basis for marriage in many cultures.
Some cultures practice “child betrothal”; Children under age of 10 promised to a family for marriage, seen as legal contract that cannot be broken without compensation. This is done to keep “love attachments” from developing.

14. Mate Selection within Arranged Marriages
Forced Marriage Help Website

15. Mate Selection within Arranged Marriages
In arranged marriages, personal fulfilment is not necessarily a priority.
Young people are taught that marriage represents a union of families and that mate selection to too important to be left in the hands of a young person.
Some immigrants to Canada from Egypt, Lebanon, Japan, Indian and Pakistan prefer to arrange marriages for their children.
With industrialization came the trend of free choice marriage. Arranged marriage still exists but young people want the right to veto their parents’ decision.

16. Free-Choice Marriage
Although we think we marry for love most Canadians choose their partners according to certain unspoken rules.
Many of the same considerations are made with free-choice marriage as would be with arranged marriages.
Companionship
Sex
Children
Financial Support
Getting away from home  Wedding ritual right of passage

17. Free-Choice Marriage
Most young people in North America choose their own spouses, but they are often introduced to potential partners by friends, siblings and relatives.
When we fall in love we tend to do so according to these implicit rules about who is attractive and appropriate.

18. Free-Choice Marriage
If there were no implicit rules involved in mate selection we wouldn’t have stories of forbidden love (i.e.. Romeo and Juliet … that girl and that vampire, etc.)

19. Free-Choice Marriage
Sometimes biology helps us to avoid people who are too close to our gene pool
How Smell Influences Sexual Attraction
And sometimes it doesn’t ….
Forbidden Love Story
Rules of Attraction Strange Story

20. Free-Choice Marriage Theories
There are many theories on why we select mates. We will discuss 4:
Social homogamy: Choose people from similar socio-economic and cultural backgrounds.
Live near each other
Go to the same school
Belong to the same organizations

21. Social Homogamy
North American married couples generally are of the same race, within 3-4 years of age, with similar education, social status and income.
You may see many interracial relationships, marriages between older and younger people, and cases of hypergamy (marring “up”) but these situations do not happen often.

22. Free-Choice Marriage Theories
Theory of Complementary Needs
Marrying those that meet your psychological needs
Men with dominant mothers seek mother substitute
Abused seek an abuser
Insecure person seeks someone who flatters them
We may not know what our needs are when we marry, or may realize this person does not satisfy our needs anymore  marital conflict & divorce

23. Free-Choice Marriage Theories
Developmental Theory of Mate Selection
End product of series of interactions (like an escalator, once you are on it is hard to get off)
Date
One person negotiates for more commitment
Friends / family make assumptions … put ideas into you head … apply subtle pressure .. Etc. etc. Boom you are married.

24. Free-Choice Marriage Theories
Ideal Mate Theory
Parental role models and past dating experience give us an idea of what the “ideal mate” would be
We look for someone who has these personality and physical characteristics  your “type”

25. Mate Selection Conclusion
Although we think we marry for love, most Canadians choose their partners according to certain unspoken rules.
When we fall in love, we tend to do so according to these implicit rules about who is attractive and appropriate.

26. Purpose of Marriage
Breanna&&Jessica

27. What is marriage?
In 1984 marriage was defined as, a socially legitimate sexual union that starts with a public announcement and is considered to be somewhat permanent .
Fact; more people today form first sexual
union, by cohabiting and not marrying.
The practice of marring varies widely in Canada so we have to examine its diversity to understand how Canadians form couples.

28. Helen Fischer Pair-bonding is essential to human survival
To keep the human species alive we have to procreate and protect our children.
Both men and women have the biological urge to reproduce.
So pairing is biological or physical but marriage is social.

29. Why choose to marry? Most people choose to marry for personal reasons.
Gives them a more adult status within society.
Allows pooling of resources for higher standard of living
Provides sense of purpose
Cultural expectations

30. Why choose to marry? May marry for social and psychological reasons.
Marriage provides friendship and companionship
Fact; Media suggests Marriage is a “Happy” state, in which one can love or be loved.

31. Why People Get Married

32. Why People Get Married
Most people dream of falling in love and marrying some day
Even people who are in an arranged marriages believe that after the ceremony they will fall in love

33. Couples in a marriage are expected to be close friends, love each other unconditionally and support one another
In Canada marriage is assumed to be a relationship based upon and enduring romantic attraction to one another

34. Married women believe that having a lasting relationship as a couple is necessary for marriage
Along with deep affection and a strong love is necessary

35. Men marry based on friendship, children, to avoid dating and to gain responsibility and social acceptability

36. Why choose to marry? Back to social exchange theory:
It is better to be married than to be single
Monica McGoldrick suggests
“Men and women marry because it is just a natural thing to do.”
To marry has simply been part of the “natural” progression through life.

37. Extras
The beginning of the 21st Century, it is evident that many people are not marrying.
Marriage rate has declined
Men and Women continue to
form conjugal relationships.

38. Extras
For this reason the study of marriage now must include other types of unions such as common-law and cohabitation.

39. History of marriage
Christian and Katrina

40. What is marriage
Marriage as a binding relationship between a man and a woman was probably one of the earliest developments when human societies began to organize themselves. It regulates sexual activity so that the biological father can identify his offspring.

41. What is marriage
For most of history marriage has been viewed as an economic unit.
Share resources and property
Love was a seldom a consideration in the decision to marry, and most women had little to say in their choice of partner.

42. Monogamy
Monogamy refers to a form of marriage in which an individual has only one spouse at any one time. However, monogamy may also refer to the more general state of having only one mate at any one time.

43. Polygyny
It is the practice of a man having more than one wife, appears to have been the preferred form of marriage in most societies historically, since 84 percent of recorded cultures have allowed it.

44. Polygyny
Some anthropologists believe that monogamy only occurs when a man CANNOT support more than one wife.

45. Polyandry
It is the practice wherein there are several men are required to support a wife and children.

46. Forms of Marriage in Societies Throughout History

47. The historical roots of marriage traditions and legal practices in Canada can be traced back to the Ancient Romans, Greeks and Hebrews. To understand the diversity of intimate relationships in Canada, the historical roots of Canadian Aboriginal Peoples and immigrants from non-European cultures also need to be considered.

48. Marriage in Ancient Times
The marriages of the ancient Hebrew people over 4000 years ago were usually arranged between patriarchal extended families for the purpose of producing sons.
A betrothal, or promise to marry might have been agreed upon when a boy and a girl were quite young, but the marriage might not occur until many years later.

49. The bride’s value as a potential mother was symbolized by the payment of a bride prize by the groom’s family to the bride’s family. The bride’s family give her a “dowry” in the form, household items, or land, so that she was able to establish a home for her new family. She also gained the dower rights to property from her husband for her support.

50. Marriage in Ancient Times
This was recorded in a marriage contract and the wife was expected to obey her husband and bear sons (or risk being divorced).
Love was seldom a factor in betrothal.
Most of these households were patriolocal or located near the husband’s family.
In Ancient Rome as the roman empire expanded, the previous patriolocal homes became more equal as the men were away for longer periods of time.

51. Marriage in Ancient Times
People became more wealthy and prominent they saw marriage as more of a way to acquire wealth.
Divorces were initiated which lead to family disorganization and instability.
Cleopatra and Anthony were married four times each.

52. Marriage in Ancient Times
This system was common in Rome whereas Christians saw it as degenerate.
The Western family value system is loosely based on the Christian system of marriage (early Roman and ancient Hebrew)

53. Marriage in Ancient Times
In the Middle Ages common-law marriages were as common as legal church marriages.
The Catholic Church it necessary to regulate marriage for social stability.
Enforced reading of marriage “banns” – public announcement of marriage 3 weeks before ceremony and priests to question whether anyone objected to the union were initiated at this time as well.
Done to ensure both men and women entered contract willingly and that there was no reasons to invalidate the marriage.

54. By: Meagan, Nicole, Sammi
Marriage in Canada
By: Meagan, Nicole, Sammi

55. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the Europeans started to colonize Canada.
Encountered Aboriginals who lived hunter-gather lifestyle; Mainly matriolocal as women stayed home with children.
In Huron society only after a couple would have a kid would marriage happen.

56. Ojibwa and Iroquois societies did arranged marriages and they were expected to stay together forever.
Men and women had clear division of labour and both roles were highly valued.
After the 19th century conquest husbands and fathers were given legal authority over their family  patriolocal

57. Colonists from France and England who came for the fur trade were mostly men. Women were in short supply so they turned to the Aboriginal women for temporary marriage agreements.
In 1821 HBC (Hudson Bay Company) presented marriage contracts for their workers and Aboriginal women which said that the husband had a responsibility to take care of his wife and kid even if he returned to Europe.
Man have often outnumbered women during times of high immigration just like in frontier communities.

58. The average age of a first marriage for women was 20 and men 28.
People world have to save for several years to afford marriage. As a result most people were older when they first got married or in some cases remained single.
Between the 1880s and 1900s men and woman enjoyed the relative freedom over their choice of marriage

59. Canadians born in the early 20th century tended to marry at a later age.
Depression  1930s average age was 28-men and 25-women
WWII changed this trend  In the mid1940s-1960s the average age is 25-men and 22-women

60. Divorce was rare in the nineteenth-century
Divorce was illegal in Ontario until 1930 and Quebec until 1968
Historically divorce rates in Canada are one of the lowest in the western world
Prior to 1968, divorce was only granted for a few reasons, with proof of adultery being the most usual.

61. Contemporary Marriage and Intimate relationships
By. Janelle, Meagan, Matt and Jen A.k.a dinosaur

62. Contemporary Marriage
Almost all Canadians form some type of union at some time in their lives.
1995 GSS - 94% of those had formed at least one union

63. Facts and statistics -88% of adolescents expect to marry and stay
with the same partner for life.
-In 1998 Canada's marriage rate was at an all time low of 5.1 per 100.

64. Contemporary Marriage
Both Men and Women seem to be rejecting marriage but it is hard to gather data.
Some sociologists argue that people want to marry but can’t; others suggest people just don’t want to get married.
Increasing divorce rates may be a deterrent to marriage.

65. Facts and Statistics
The lifetimes risk for divorce in Canada is 31%. (44% US)
In the past almost all men and women married but now many are choosing to live common-law.

66. The Time for Marrying
Canadians believe the best age to marry is 24 and 25 is the best age to conceive your first child.
However, according to Stats Canada, Canadians are waiting till late 20s to get married.

67. The Time for Marrying
Young adults are delaying marriage but they are not postponing sexual activity. Most cohabitate before they marry.
Marriage has been delayed to allow for post- secondary education and to give time to find jobs.
Those who do not have a stable job or who do not think they can afford marriage cohabitate instead  may delay marriage until they are ready to have kids.

68. Identity
When individuals marry, it changes how they look at themselves as well as how others look at them.
Identity shifts to that of a husband or wife.
More people desire commitment, despite the fact that they could just live together and continue to have sex before marriage.

69. In the past people married to acquire status.
Now, people marry those who have similar goals and financial means in order to share status.
Individuals often choose to marry after a family or societal crisis.  more willing to commit

70. Some may choose not to marry or delay marrying if their parents have divorced.
Women who cohabitated before marriage are more likely to get a separate than marry their partners.

71. Economics of Marriage
Marriage provides physical and economic survival benefits for a couple
The division of labour helps to increase the well being of both spouses and children and the environment they live in

72. In the past, Men have had a goal oriented role, providing for their family and the women had an emotional expressive role of providing a supportive environment for their families

73. Many men and women associate marriage with negative gender roles
Men feel pressured to provide full financial support and women feel they need to do all the housework and take care of the children and maintain a career on top of that.

74. Men who are more educated are more likely to let their wives share financial responsibility in the marriage
Women who are more educated are more likely to not accept traditional marriage roles as well
Egalitarian Relationships are those in which men and women share responsibilities rather than adhere to fixed gender roles.

75. Marriages are no longer essential for economic survival.
Social Exchange means that being married must outweigh staying single for people to want to marry.
Men and women who have views of traditional marriage roles are most likely to marry

76. More educated men are, the more likely they are to accept women working  more willing to marry.
However, the more educated women become the less chance they have of marrying as they will want to peruse careers instead
It is assumed that now men benefit from marriage more than women.

77. By: Haley, Leah, Kevin and Shaunna

78. Assignment
Give your opinion about today’s class. What did you think about what was discussed? What do you wish we talked more about? What do you think we should have skipped over?
Should be at least 1 page double spaced.
Label this “Marriage PowerPoint Response”