1. Chapter 5 Road to Independence
Sec 1: Taxation Without Representation p Sec 2: Building Colonial Unity p Sec 3: A Call to Arms p Sec 4: Moving Toward Independence p

2. Sec 1: Taxation Without Representation
Chapter 5
Road to Independence
Sec 1: Taxation Without Representation p

3. Souring Relations with Britain
Colonist saw Britain interfering with their liberties
British plans to raise taxes to help pay French & Indian war debt
Quartering 10,000 British troops in US during peace time
Proclamation of stopped westward expansion
Advantages of stopping western settlement
Allowed British government to control expansion
Avoid conflict with Native Americans
Keep colonists on coast near British markets
Greater control of British fur trade

4. Stamp Act The Stamp Act of 1765 was passed by Great Britain.
It required all legal documents, permits, commercial contracts, newspapers, pamphlets, and playing cards in the American colonies to carry a tax stamp.

5. Stamp Act
The act was made to reduce the cost of maintaining the military presence protecting the colonies.
Colonists threatened tax collectors with tarring and feathering.

6. Protesting the Stamp Act
No Taxation Without Representation became a rallying cry for colonists.
Americans didn’t feel they should have to pay taxes when they did not have anyone to represent them in parliament.
Members of the Sons of Liberty

7. Sons of Liberty This group formed as a result of the Stamp Act
Many times they would seize the stamps or the papers that were stamped and burn them.

8. Sons of Liberty
Samuel Adams and Paul Revere headed the Sons of Liberty in Massachusetts.
The Sons enforced boycotts and occasionally resorted to violence.
Burned effigies of tax collectors

9. Patrick Henry & The Stamp Act Resolves
Led by Patrick Henry, the Virginia Assembly passed 4 resolutions protesting the Stamp Act
The resolutions declared that only the Virginia assembly had the “sole exclusive right and power to lay taxes” on its citizens
The Governor of Virginia dissolved the assembly
Patrick Henry, who was a new member to the House of Burgesses undertook a radical move against the authority of Parliament. In coalition with George Johnston, a representative from Fairfax county, Henry took the floor in May of The Burgesses, a very aristocratic company of wealthy plantation owners and gentlemen, had long operated under a relaxed rule that allowed 24 percent of the body to constitute a quorum. That day, only 39 members in attendance, Johnson moved that the House resolve itself into a committee of the whole, Henry seconded the motion, and proceeded to offer a shocking series of resolutions. In the absence of the normal, conservative, leadership, all five of the offered resolutions were adopted. The first four were merely strident. The fifth required several hours of heated debate and even then passed by only one vote. Ultimately, it would be retracted
4 resolutions:
 All colonists born in Great Britain have the same rights as British subjects
All colonists born in the colonies have the same rights as British subjects
Only Virginians have “sole exclusive right and power to lay taxes” on its citizens
British citizens have always had that right to tax themselves so Colonists have that right also

10. The Stamp Act Congress
Delegates from 9 Colonies met in New York for the Stamp Act Congress
Drafted petition for the King & Parliament declaring only colonial assemblies could levy taxes

11. Other ways colonists protested
Boycotts- Colonists refused to buy British & European goods
Nonimportation agreements – merchants, artisans & farmers pledged not to buy or use goods imported from Great Britain

12. The Stamp Act is Repealed
British Parliament decided to repeal the Stamp Act in 1766 since no one was obeying it.
At the same time, they passed the Declaratory Act (1766) which was an attempt to control the behavior of the colonies.
Said British government had right to tax any & all citizens of the realm at their discretion

13. NEW TAXES
The Townshend Acts (1767) called for new import taxes on glass, lead, paints, paper, and tea. 
Previous taxes were internal this was external – colonists did not care
The Sons of Liberty protested and attacked customs officials.
British troops were sent to Boston.

14. Sec 2: Building Colonial Unity
Chapter 5
Road to Independence p
Sec 2: Building Colonial Unity

15. Boston Massacre
On March 5, 1770 the Boston Massacre occurred when a few troops fired on Bostonians who were throwing snowballs, rocks & clamshells at them.
5 colonists were killed
The soldiers and their officer were charged with murder.
A jury found the officer and six of eight soldiers acted in self-defense and were not guilty.
Patriot John Adams defending both the Captain and all 8 of the soldiers.
Defended them out of integrity because “no man in a free country should be denied the right to counsel & a fair trial
Adams argued that tragedy was brought on by the mob, but the mob was the inevitable result of the flawed policy of quartering redcoats in the city to keep the peace.
Adams considered his defense of the Soldiers “one of the best pieces of service I ever rendered to my country”

16. The Boston Massacre
Crispus Atticus, a dockworker who was part African, part Wampanoag, was the first man killed in the Boston Massacre
Also killed were
Samuel Gray
James Caldwell
Samuel Maverick*
Patrick Carr*
The Boston Massacre led many to call for stronger boycotts against British goods
Led to the Townshend Acts being repealed (except tea)
*Died from their wounds afterward

17. Engraving by Paul Revere titled The Bloody Massacre
Boston Massacre
One of the most interesting myths is that the scuffle on King’s street started from the accusations thrown at one of the British officers that he did not pay the wigmaker’s bill. This makes an interesting story and many of us may speculate that perhaps the most famous protest would not have occurred if the bill had been paid on time. But on the contrary to the popular myth, the British officer Captain John Goldfinch in fact settled his bill the day earlier.
Engraving by Paul Revere titled The Bloody Massacre
Colonial leaders used the Boston Massacre as propaganda against the British

18. The Word Spreads Committee of Correspondence organized by Samuel Adams
Acted as a unifying force within the colonies to circulate propaganda against the British
rallied opposition on common causes and established plans for collective action
The committees members became the leaders of the American resistance to British actions
largely determined the war effort at the state and local level.

19. Boston Tea Party
When repealing the Townshend Acts, British Parliament kept the tea tax.
The Tea Act (May 1773) enraged the Colonists
A group of colonists, led by Samuel Adams and Paul Revere disguised themselves as Native Americans, boarded ships on the night of Dec. 16, 1773, and threw the tea into the harbor.

20. Boston Tea Party

21. Intolerable Acts The British government responded by
closing the port of Boston and
Passed the Intolerable Acts (1774).
The Boston Tea Party eventually proved to be one of the many causes that led to the American Revolution.

22. Intolerable Acts Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts) Quartering Act
Boston Port
Administration Of
Justice
Massachusetts
Government

23. Quartering Act
First was the Quartering Act. It was passed on June 2, 1774.
It said that colonists were to house any British soldier who came to their door and asked to stay.

24. Boston Port Act
The second was the Boston Port Act. This bill was passed on June 1, 1774.
This bill closed the port of Boston until the damages from the Boston Tea Party were paid for.

25. Administration of Justice Act
The third was the Administration of Justice Act. It was passed on May 20,
This bill said that British officials would not be able to be tried in colonial courts.
Officials would be sent back to Britain and tried there.

26. Massachusetts Government Act
The fourth was the Massachusetts Government Act. This happened on May 20,1774.
It gave the British control of the town meetings and took control out of the colonists' hands.

27. Chapter 5 Road to Independence
Sec 3: A Call to Arms p

28. THE First CONTINENTAL CONGRESS

29. First Continental Congress
Closing of Boston Harbor led to the 1st Continental Congress
56 delegates
Carpenter’s Hall, Philadelphia; Sept 1774
Middle-aged, well-educated, property owners
Patrick Henry said “I am not a Virginian, but an American.”
Paul Revere rode into town with news: the Massachusetts Government had passed the Suffolk Resolves. This said they would collect their own taxes and keep them from the King until the Coercive Acts are repealed.
Colonists began to sabotage General Gage: sinking barges, burning the hay beds of soldiers, overturning wagons, stealing guns and powder
Militia began organizing and training

30. First Continental Congress
Delegates were worried about the relationship between Great Britain and its American colonies
The delegates had to decide how to respond to the closing of Boston Harbor, increased taxes, abuse by British government.
Intense debates whether to fight or seek peace
How many colonies were represented at the First Continental Congress? 12 GA did not show.
There were 56 delegates that met in Philadelphia.
Many wanted to seek peace/many felt violence was unavoidable.
Tulsa Population in 2008 was 591,982
1776 est. population 2.5 million
1st official census in 1790: 3,929,326
2010 est. 308,400,408

31. First Continental Congress
They encouraged the peaceful boycott of British goods but also began preparing for war.
They drafted a Declaration of Rights, but King George III refused to consider it.
Colonists who chose to fight for independence were known as Patriots.
Most Colonists did not want separation from Britain; goal was to ask the King to correct problems.
Over all they did not really want separation from Britain; they wanted the King to listen to their concerns and to fix things for him.
Included in the Declaration of Rights---the colonists’ right to “life, liberty, and property.”
They agreed to meet again in 1775 if the King refused the Declaration of Rights.

32. Patrick Henry Patriot Known for “Give me liberty or give me death.”
Henry also said “I am not a Virginian, but an American.” Trying to urge colonists to join forces.
Discuss both statements.

33. Battles of Lexington and Concord
This is where the war began!!
As more British troops arrive in Boston, more American Militia are being organized.
Minutemen (local militia) named because they were ready to fight at a moments notice.
Gov. of Massachusetts, Thomas Gage, decided to seize weapons & powder in Concord (Apr. 1775)
The weapons had already been hidden.

34. Paul Revere’s Ride April 19, 1775 700 Redcoats set out for Concord!
Robert Newman to give “one if by land, two if by sea” signal on British advancement.
Paul Revere, William Dawes & Samuel Prescott rode to sound the alert.
April 1775 Gov. of MA, Thomas Gage decided to try to take the weapons stockpiled at Concord.
Famous quote: one if by land, two if by sea”
Paul Revere was arrested…and Prescott continued his ride.
Why do you think Paul Revere is the one remembered?

35. Many British officers were deserting due to poor pay, rotten food, offers of land and a new start.
Gage ordered punishment for deserters
Normal punishment would be hanging, but he could not afford to lose any more officers
1,000 lashes, at 250 per week

36. Revere and others got the lantern signal from the Old North Church
They rode through the countryside yelling “the regulars are out!”
Revere was captured by British troops and later released
Three men rode out
Revere and Dawes were captured, but took off on the soldiers
Dawes was able to escape, but Revere was captured again
With a gun pointed to his head, Revere told them of the plan and was then released

38. Another view of Old North Church
Interior of Old North Church
Exterior of Old North Church

39. Lexington Seventy armed minutemen waited for the British at Lexington
“The Shot Heard ‘Round the World”
To this day nobody knows who fired the first shot.
The British killed eight minutemen
Redcoats continued their last six miles to Concord

40. Concord Alarm bells rang in Concord
When the British got there most of the armory had been moved
The Alarm raised the militia &the British were surrounded and had to retreat back to Boston
The British ended up with 174 wounded & 74 dead
Fighting again broke out as the redcoats were leaving Concord
As they march back to Boston, the British are fired on from all sides as more countrymen arrive
The British begin to run and fire back
The British doubled back and attacked from behind
The British attacked Americans in their houses and skewered them with their bayonets
The Americans kept coming
Each time an American was killed, two more arrived to take his place
The British are exhausted from marching for 20 hours

41. Fighting at Lexington and Concord

42. Ticonderoga
Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold both realized that Fort Ticonderoga made an easy target for the American rebels.
With a small band of Green Mountain Boys, they captured the Fort from the British in an early morning raid on May 10th, 1775 only three weeks after Lexington and Concord.
This was “America’s first victory” in the Revolution

43. Ethan Allen demanding surrender from the French at Fort Ticonderoga

44. Battle of Bunker Hill
After the Battles of Lexington and Concord, the two armies faced off in Boston
Americans low on ammunition
"Don't fire until you see the whites of their eyes.“ –Colonel William Prescott
Battle of Bunker Hill was fought on Breed’s Hill & Bunker Hill

45. The British suffered over 40% casualties.

46. Battle of Bunker Hill June 17, 1775
Two attacks of the hill were turned back
Americans were soon running out of ammunition
On third attack the British succeeded in overrunning them
Most of the Americans were able to withdraw
Thirty were caught and killed by the British
Americans wanted to be on higher ground
Harbor was full of British warships
Americans built a fortified redoubt 160 ft. long and 80 ft. wide
Better farmers than they were soldiers
Worked all through the night
British woke to see a wall 6 feet high and 1 foot thick, 50 yards in length
British warships began to bomb away
Men wanted to save their rum and water, Asa Pollard had his head taken off
With no luck, they move in
Some that deserted were hanged
British officers whipped the reluctant ones with their swords

47. Battle of Bunker Hill British casualties were 1000
American casualties were 450
Colonists lost, but proved they could take on the British.

48. Coined by Benjamin Franklin Wanted complete American Independence
between 40 and 45 percent of the white population supported the Patriots' cause, between 15 and 20% supported the Loyalists, and the remainder were neutral or kept a low profile
Patriots
Loyalists
Coined by Benjamin Franklin
Wanted complete American Independence
Also called Tories
Loyal to the British Crown

49. Chapter 5 Road to Independence
Sec 4: Moving Toward Independence p

50. 2nd CONTINENTAL CONGRESS
Assembled on May 10,1775 in Philadelphia
The Revolutionary war had already started

51. Offered Olive Branch Petition
Second Continental Congress
May 10,1775
Organized a Continental Army & appointed George Washington Commander
Offered Olive Branch Petition
Enlisted Service of experienced European Military officers
Authorized printing paper money
Adopted the Declaration of Independence
Introduced Articles of Confederation
created central colonial government
Assembled from May 10,1775 until October 10, 1788, the Congress formed a quorum for the last time; afterwards,
although delegates would occasionally appear, there were never enough to conduct business, and so the Continental Congress passed into history.
The last "meeting" of the Continental Congress was held March 2, 1789, two days before the Constitutional government took over;
only one member was present at said meeting, Philip Pell, an ardent Anti-Federalist and opponent of the Constitution, who was accompanied by the Congressional secretary. March

52. Founding Fathers
John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and George Washington

53. John Adams Delegate from Mass. to the Continental Congress
Played a leading role in persuading Congress to declare independence
Assisted Thomas Jefferson in drafting the Declaration of Independence.
Major negotiator of peace treaty with Great Britain
One of his greatest roles was as a judge of character
nominated George Washington to be commander-in-chief,
nominated John Marshall to be Chief Justice of USSC
2 term Vice President under Washington
2nd POTUS
President John Adams, 2nd president of the United States, by Asher B. Durand 

54. Samuel Adams Founding member of Sons of Liberty
Created the committee of correspondence system, which linked like- minded Patriots throughout the Thirteen Colonies.
organized 1773 Boston Tea Party
Often thought of as a Rabble Rouser
Delegate from Mass. to the Continental Congress
Governor of Mass.
A malter not a brewer
Portrait of Samuel Adams ( ) by John Singleton Copely

55. Patrick Henry Influential orator for the struggle for Independence
Portrait of Patrick Henry, George Bagby Matthews ( ), after Thomas Sully ( )
Influential orator for the struggle for Independence
led the opposition to the Stamp Act of :
“If this be treason, make the most of it!”
one of the most influential exponents of Republicanism, promoters of the American Revolution and independence, especially in his defense of historic rights
helped gain adoption of the Bill of Rights
"Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take; but as for me, Give me Liberty, or give me Death!"
Peter F. Rothermel's "Patrick Henry Before the Virginia House of Burgesses", a painting of Patrick Henry's "If this be treason, make the most of it!" speech against the Stamp Act of 1765

56. George Washington
Commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War
Presided over the convention that drafted the Constitution.
Washington, D.C., & Washington state is named for him
Unanimously elected the first president in
he served two terms in office.
established many forms and rituals of government: cabinet system and the inaugural address.
universally regarded as the “Father of his Country.
George Washington by John Trumbull

57. Ben Franklin
a leading author, printer, political theorist, politician, postmaster, scientist, musician, inventor, satirist, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat
Poor Richard’s Almanac & Pennsylvania Gazette
Formed first lending library & fire department, ran the first Post Office
Franklin “Father of Electricity” (Alessandro Volta discovered it)
Accomplished diplomat to Great Britain & France
"the most accomplished American of his age and the most influential in inventing the type of society America would become. – Walter Isaacson
A cropped version of a portrait of Benjamin Franklin by French artist Joseph-Siffred Duplessis

58. Thomas Jefferson Main author of the Declaration of Independence (1776)
Member of Continental Congress
Diplomat in Paris,
first U.S. Secretary of State
3rd POTUS (1801–1809).
purchased the vast Louisiana Territory from France (1803)
Sent the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804–1806) to explore the new west.

59. Women Writers of the Revolution
Mercy Otis Warren
Phyllis Wheatley
Sister of James Otis
Good friends with Abigail Adams
Wrote poetry & Plays
Plays helped spread Revolutionary ideas
Wrote a history of the Revolutionary war
African American slave
Wrote poetry
First African American to have her work published
Had to prove in court that she wrote her poems
Freed and died in poverty

60. Fortification of Dorchester Heights, Boston
General Washington arrived in Boston in December 1775 and took command.
Washington had the guns from Fort Ticonderoga brought in.
Henry Knox brought 59 guns 300 miles.
In March 1776, Washington moved his army to Dorchester Heights and positioned the cannons on Nook’s Hill.
American troops fired down upon the British.
The British were forced to retreat from Boston.
Washington sent John Knox to get the guns at Fort Ticonderoga
Guns ranged from 4 to 20 pounders
Ranged from from 1 foot to 11 feet in length
Total of 119,000 lbs.
Left to get the guns on December 9
Total trip took 6 weeks
Brought through the mountains and across frozen rivers
Demonstrate how they got through mountains
Cut holes in the frozen rivers to make them stronger

61. Common Sense
On January 10, Thomas Paine put his ideas on American independence into a pamphlet called Common Sense
It was the most influential political pamphlet ever written.
Paine was brutal toward the King and toward the idea that things would end well
If he had argued calmly and reasonably, he would not have been inspiring
He had to inspire the ‘common man’ to reach for the musket above the fireplace
Common Sense reached across the seas and was translated into French, Dutch, and German
Within 3 months 120,000 copies were sold
Read by as many as a million people

62. Common Sense was written for the ‘common man’; men who would shed their blood in the rebellion
Paine states that sooner or later independence from England must come, because America had lost touch with the mother country.

63. Declaring Independence
Common Sense had a huge impact on the hearts and minds of Colonial Americans.
Changed the way colonists viewed their king.
Made a strong case for economic freedom.
Believed colonists had the right to military self defense against tyranny—the abuse of govt. power.
Stated people should make the laws not the king or queen
people had a natural rights

64. THE COLONIES DECLARE INDEPENDENCE
On July 2, 1776, the Second Continental Congress adopted Lee’s Resolution and declared independence from Great Britain.
Most of the world is ruled by monarchs at this time.

66. DUMP SLIDES

67. Britain’s Trade Laws
Prime Minister George Greenville convinced parliament to pass a series of measures to reduce smuggling and increase revenue
Smugglers were tried by the vice admiralty instead of by jury (1763)
Writs of Assistance – customs officials could enter and search ANY location for smuggled goods (1767)

68. The Sugar Act of 1764 Lowered tax on Molasses
Allowed officers to seize goods from smugglers without a court order
The Sugar Act & smuggling laws angered the colonists because their rights as ENGLISHMEN were being violated
Lowered the tax which was good for the colonists but the accompanying smuggling laws killed any benefit for the colonists

69. English Colonists Rights Violated
Vice-admiralty Courts
Writs of Assistance
Right to a jury trail
Innocent until proven guilty
Right to be secure in one’s home
James Otis, a Boston attorney, began writing and speaking out against taxation without consent & representation
Sugar Act
Unlawful search and seizure
Taxation without representation

70. Response to Townshend Act
The Colonists boycott was even more widespread
Daughters of Liberty
Urged women to wear homespun & produce goods previously imported from Britain
Goal to become economically independent of Britain
In March, 1770, the Townshend Acts were repealed except for the tax on tea.