1. What?, Why?, and How? to refer Imran Jawaid

2. INTRODUCTION What?, Why? and How? To refer

3. The day job.. OPTOMETRISTSOPHTHALMOLOGISTS AsymptomaticSymptomatic No ocular pathologyOcular pathology Screening / disease detectionTreatment / disease management Detect abnormalityDiagnosis and investigation Spectacles and contact lensesNo refractive correction Retail pressures (ATV, CR etc.)No retail pressures 9-5pm24 hours Career progression not based on ability to detect/manage ocular abnormality Career progression based on ability to manage ocular abnormality

4. CHANGING TIMES What? Why? and How ?to refer

5. “Call to action” – The future... Improve IT links between community optical practices and the rest of the NHS and primary care as well as improved systems in hospitals Address capacity issues in hospital eye clinics to save patients from unnecessary blindness and vision impairment Maximise the use of the skills in the eye care pathway by ensuring that patients are treated in the appropriate place by the appropriate professional at the appropriate time, whether in the community or in the hospital Procure community schemes at greater scale to reduce procurement and commissioning costs and direct more resource to clinical care. Improve communication and relationships between the multiple professions through better commissioning to achieve a more integrated eye care pathway and better patient care

6. ARE WE READY FOR THE CHANGE? What?, Why?, and How to refer

7. Bridging the gap Improve knowledge base Improve feedback to referring optometrists Increased exposure to ocular abnormality Improve understanding of disease management Improve understanding of new treatments and diagnostic equipment

8. Common problems Raised IOP Flashes and floaters Retinal haemorrhages Red eye

9. Elevated IOPs 22T29 History Asymptomatic? Angle closure sxs? (acute/intermittent) Photophobia? Visual change? Previous Trauma? Medications? (Steroid/Topiramate) Ocular treatments (Laser/Buckle) Ocular History (Ischaemic retina)

10. Pressure.. History – Symptomatic vs Asymptomatic Anterior Segment signs – Red eye – KS, KPs and corneal pathology – AC activity and depth – Iris atrophy / TIDs / NVI – Significant cataract

12. Pressure.. Gonioscopy www.gonioscopy.org Redmond-Smith Index Van Herrick

13. Flashing lights and floaters

14. Flashing lights and floaters... 4. Sudden blind spot in your side vision

15. Flashing lights and floaters... History – Myopia – Family history – Visual field defect – Fellow eye status Age – 6% under 50, 53% over 50, 67% over 65

16. Examination IOP AC activity Vitreous – tobacco dust?, RBC?, vitritis? Fundus – Weiss ring – Vitreous or pre-retinal hge – Peripheral retina Tear/break +/- SRF Peripheral degeneration - Lattice

17. Breaks..

18. Retinal Haemorrhage Anatomy – Inner 2/3 - CRA – Outer 1/3 - Choroidal circulation – CRA divides into superior and inferior branches which each divide into nasal and temporal branches – Functionally these are end-arteries – Central foveal avascular zone contains outer retinal layers only. Blood supply to this area is derived from the underlying choroidal circulation. – Post arteriole retinal capillaries - NFL – Pre-venular capillaries - INL

19. Pre-retinal haemorrhage... Subhyaloid haemorrhages are found between the inner limiting membrane and the posterior hyaloid face. A pre-retinal haemorrhage is located between the inner limiting membrane and nerve fibre layer. Both bleeds mask the underlying vessels

20. Flame haemorrhage Hypertensive retinopathy, vein occlusion, AION, disc swelling amongst others Recording blood pressure is essential Marker for the site of future nerve fibre and corresponding visual field loss Location should be accurately documented and further investigations performed

21. Pale centred linear haemorrhage Conditions in which Roth spots are observed * subacute bacterial endocarditis * leukaemias * anaemia * anoxia * carbon monoxide poisoning * hypertensive retinopathy * pre-eclampsia * diabetic retinopathy * neonatal birth trauma * shaken baby syndrome

22. Dot and blot.. Compact middle layers of the retina give rise to the dot and blot-like appearance of these haemorrhages Often there is associated oedema and if the macula is involved may give rise to diminished acuity. Blot haemorrhages are often larger and darker. Alert the examiner to search for other features of ocular ischaemia –namely venous changes, cotton wool spots and neovascularisation.

23. Sub-retinal Haemorrhage Between neuro-sensory retina and RPE. They are dark in colour and the retinal vasculature is clearly visible above Bleed can be large in area and variable in shape Sub-RPE bleeds, (between RPE and Bruch’s membrane of the choroid), have a more confined arrangement as there are tight junctions between RPE cells Commonest cause is choroidal neovascularisation Other causes include trauma, tumours and retinal angiomas

24. Red eye History – Pain FB sensation/ache/ deep pain – Photophobia – V/A – Lacrimation / discharge – Associated symptoms Nausea and vomiting/ frontal headache – C/L wear

25. Examination Pattern of redness – Diffuse and superficial – Diffuse and deep – Circum-corneal – Sectoral Reduced vision Pupils NaFl

26. Subconjunctival haemorrhage Management BP Reassure Pain Photophobia V/A Discharge Assoc. Sxs. C/L wear

27. Pain Photophobia V/A Discharge Assoc. Sxs. C/L wear Conjunctivitis- bacterial/viral Management Strict hygiene Cool compress Lubricants +/- CPL

28. Pain Photophobia V/A Discharge Assoc. Sxs. C/L wear Herpetic Keratitis Management Refer Start oc. Aciclovir 5 x daily if confident DO NOT GIVE STEROIDS

29. Contact lens-related keratitis Management Stop C/L wear Hourly g. levofloxacin REFER Pain Photophobia V/A Discharge Assoc. Sxs. C/L wear

30. Pain Photophobia V/A Discharge Assoc. Sxs. C/L wear Episcleritis Scleritis

31. Pain Photophobia V/A Discharge Assoc. Sxs. C/L wear Acute anterior uveitis Management Refer to eye casualty same or next day

33. How to refer S Situation: Identify yourself the site/unit you are calling from Identify the patient by name and the reason for your report Describe your concern B Background: Give the patient's reason for attendance Explain significant medical/ocular history A Assessment: Clinical impressions, concerns R Recommendation: Explain what you need - be specific about request and time frame Make suggestions Clarify expectations

34. THANK YOU QUESTIONS? What?, why? and how to refer