1. International Consortium of Applied Bioeconomy Research (ICABR) Ravello, Italy June 2012 Cami Ryan University of Saskatchewan (co-authors: Jillian McDonald and Stuart Smyth)

2. Brazil South Africa The Philippines Free Trade Area Agreement of the Americas (2004) Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (1989) Cotonou Agreement (2003) (formerly the Lomé Convention (1975)) ICABR 2012 Ryan, McDonald & Smyth

3. Facilitate trade interests Goals for research & innovation European Economic Community (EEC) Free Trade Agreement (FTA) / NAFTA CGIAR …challenges / complexities…

4. Free Trade Area Agreement of the Americas (2004) Brazil signed on: 2004 Trade & investment Other partners: ICABR 2012 Ryan, McDonald & Smyth

5. Brazil Political turmoil 80s ICABR 2012 Ryan, McDonald & Smyth Military dictatorship 60s  Economic growth 80s  Measures to liberalize Global leader in GM crops

6. South Africa Cotonou Agreement (2003) (formerly the Lomé Convention (1975)) signed on: 2003 Trade & aid Other partners: ICABR 2012 Ryan, McDonald & Smyth

7. South Africa ICABR 2012 Ryan, McDonald & Smyth Not party to same preferential treatment Trade relations with the EU - TDCA Prior to 1994: SA policy affected by Apartheid Turbulent changes in mid 90s   public inv  Private sector investment in R&D 9 th in GM crop production

8. The Philippines Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (1989) signed on: 1989 Trade, tech transfer and food security Other partners: ICABR 2012 Ryan, McDonald & Smyth

9. The Philippines ICABR 2012 Ryan, McDonald & Smyth First ASEAN region to establish GM reg system 1/3 total land mass is dedicated to ag production First ASEAN country to commercialize GM crop (Bt corn) Adoption of GM crops – farmer driven

10. Authors’ calculations on data sourced from: FAO Tradestat, 2012 ICABR 2012 Ryan, McDonald & Smyth

11. ICABR 2012 Ryan, McDonald & Smyth

12. Brazil South Africa The Philippines Political status Democratic/developing Economic status Producer/exporterProducer/domestic consumption/exporter Producer/domestic consumption Major strategic partners United StatesEU (aid), South African countries Australia Major trading partners EU (soybeans)EU, United StatesUnited States LLP Policy n/a Developing Science based regulations development status In place, evolving Science-based policy goals Development and trade Education, attraction of educated ex-pats, trade & commercialization WTO status 1995 CBD status Rtf: 1994Rtf: 2003Rtf: 1995 BSP status Rtf: 2004Rtf: 2010Rtf: 2004 ICABR 2012 Ryan, McDonald & Smyth

13.  Almost 50% of biotech crops in developing countries (James 2010)  Growth rates 2x that of developed countries (2011) 33+ Million Has. James 2011

14.  H0: International & trade agreements serve as influencers to adoption of policy/regulatory systems in developing countries  results: it’s just not that simple!  Development of reg systems  Complex!  Partially influenced by trade/strategic partnerships  Other context-dependent factors ▪ Political history ▪ Geo-political factors ▪ Historical relationships ICABR 2012 Ryan, McDonald & Smyth

15. Cami Ryan University of Saskatchewan cami.ryan@usask.ca Thanks to my co-authors! Jillian McDonald & Stuart Smyth