1. A new cleantech taxonomy 2010 10 01 – This presentation may be freely distributed in its original, unmodified form – – Cite or reproduce taxonomy freely, but please credit Kachan & Co. – +1 415-390-2080 info@kachan.com

2. 2 www.kachan.com Freely distributable in original, unmodified form 11010011 The cleantech, or greentech, category has evolved since it was first defined in 2002; Now, in 2010, Kachan & Co. has revisited the boundaries of the category and offers the following taxonomy Classic definitions of cleantech and industries under its umbrella have not kept pace with innovation because data organizations’ own taxonomies are hard-coded to custom, difficult-to-change systems Researchers at cleantech research and advisory firm Kachan & Co. have recast a taxonomy of cleantech, detailed on the following pages – Revisited 11 legacy categories of cleantech, reorganized as now just 8 – Adopted terms the market has settled on and redacted outdated terminology – Categorization of technologies, not financed projects or players in the value chain – Inclusion of newly emerged, and emerging, technologies The new proposed taxonomy shows where a clean technology “fits”; it helps entrepreneurs, investors, service providers and large corporations understand the breadth and depth of the cleantech category, and can help research organizations, such as Kachan & Co. and others, report consistently Dozens of others’ frameworks were reviewed, including taxonomies from Cleantech Group, China Greentech Initiative, StrategyEye, Greentech Media, Skipso and Wikipedia, all of which helped inform the final structure in the following pages A new cleantech taxonomy Kachan & Co., headed by a former managing director of the Cleantech Group, has been eyeing an evolution of the cleantech taxonomy since 2006

3. 3 www.kachan.com Freely distributable in original, unmodified form 11010011 Wind Solar Renewable fuels Marine Biomass Geothermal Waste-to-energy Nuclear Emerging Measurement & analysis Renewable energy generation Batteries Fuel cells Thermal storage Flywheels Compressed air Super/ultracapacitors Hydrogen storage Energy storage Smart grid Green building Cogeneration Electronics & appliances Semiconductors Energy efficiency Vehicles Logistics Fueling/ charging infrastructure CNG Transportation Carbon sequestration Carbon trading/offsets Emissions control Bioremediation Recycling & waste Monitoring & compliance Air & environment Advanced packaging Design innovation Materials innovation Equipment innovation Production Monitoring & compliance Clean industry Generation Treatment Transmission Efficiency Monitoring & compliance Water Crop treatment Land management Aquaculture Agriculture The cleantech sector can be categorized today as spanning eight over-arching energy, manufacturing, environmental and resource categories A new cleantech taxonomy Source: Kachan & Co. Eight categories of cleantech

4. 4 www.kachan.com Freely distributable in original, unmodified form 11010011 Each of the eight categories may be subdivided into increasing levels of detail for classification Wind Solar Renewable fuels Marine Biomass Geothermal Waste-to-energy Nuclear Emerging Measurement & analysis Renewable energy generation Batteries Fuel cells Thermal storage Flywheels Compressed air Super/ultracapacitors Hydrogen storage Energy storage Smart grid Green building Cogeneration Electronics & appliances Semiconductors Energy efficiency Vehicles Traffic management Fueling/charging infrastructure Transportation Carbon sequestration Carbon trading/offsets Emissions control Bioremediation Recycling & waste Monitoring & compliance Air & environment Advanced packaging Design innovation Materials innovation Equipment innovation Production Monitoring & compliance Clean industry Generation Treatment Transmission Efficiency Monitoring & compliance Water Crop treatment Land management Aquaculture Agriculture A new cleantech taxonomy Source: Kachan & Co. Eight categories of cleantech

5. 5 www.kachan.com Freely distributable in original, unmodified form 11010011 Renewable energy generation spans conventional renewable and new emerging forms of renewable power, and includes related measurement & analysis systems A new cleantech taxonomy Renewable energy generation Biomass – Wood combustion Geothermal – Natural aquifer – Hot dry rock enhanced Waste-to-energy – Waste heat recovery – Anaerobic digestion – Landfill gas – Gasification – Plasma torching Nuclear – New designs – Non-uranium fuels – Waste disposal Emerging – Osmotic power – Kinetic power – Others Measurement & analysis – Software systems – Sensor and other hardware Wind – Turbines – Components, incl. gearboxes, blades, towers Solar – Crystalline silicon – Thin film – Other emerging photovoltaic – PV module technologies – Inverters – Thermal – Concentrated solar power Thermal Photovoltaic – Financing providers – Systems Renewable fuels – Ethanol – Cellulosic ethanol – Biobutanol – Biodiesel – Methanol – Drop-in synthetic fuels – Biogas – Hydrogen [when produced from non-fossil sources] Marine – Tidal – Wave – Run-of-river and other small scale hydro – Ocean thermal Source: Kachan & Co.

6. 6 www.kachan.com Freely distributable in original, unmodified form 11010011 Energy storage encompasses technologies that preserve energy for use at a later time, with applications both in electronics and grid-scale power storage A new cleantech taxonomy Energy storage Flywheels Compressed air Super/ultra capacitors Hydrogen storage Batteries – Wet cells (e.g. flow, lead-acid, nickel- cadmium, sodium -sulfur) – Dry cells (e.g. zinc-carbon, lithium iron phosphate) – Reserve batteries – Charging & management Fuel cells – PEM – DMFC – SOFC – MCFC – Zinc air Thermal storage – Molten salt – Ice – Chilled water – Eutectic Source: Kachan & Co.

7. 7 www.kachan.com Freely distributable in original, unmodified form 11010011 Efficiency–the fastest-growing cleantech category–is a superset of smart grid, green building, cogeneration and efforts to make electronics, appliances & semiconductors more power efficient A new cleantech taxonomy Energy efficiency – Lighting Ballasts & controllers Solid state lighting CFLs Daylight harvesting – Systems HVAC Refrigeration Water heating – Consulting/facilities management ESCOs Cogeneration – Combined heat and power (CHPDH) Electronics & appliances – Efficient power supplies – Data center virtualization – Smart appliances Semiconductors Smart grid – Transmission Sensors & quality measurement Distribution automation High voltage DC Superconductors High voltage control devices – Demand management/response – Management Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) & smart meters Monitoring & metering Networking equipment Quality & testing Self repairing technologies Power conservation Power protection Data analysis systems Green building – Design Green roofs – Building automation Software & data analysis Monitoring, sensors and controllers Metering Networking & communication Source: Kachan & Co.

8. 8 www.kachan.com Freely distributable in original, unmodified form 11010011 Vehicles are the most visible category within transportation, but innovation is also taking place across traffic management and next generation fueling/charging infrastructure A new cleantech taxonomy Transportation Fueling/charging infrastructure – Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) – Fast charging – Battery swapping – Induction – Alternative fuel conversion Vehicles – Improved internal combustion – Hybrid electric – Plug in hybrids – All electric – eBikes – New vehicle types – Rail transport innovation – Water transport innovation – Components – System integration Traffic management – Fleet management – Traffic & route management – Lighting & signals – Car, bike, equipment sharing systems – Parking management systems – Behavior management Source: Kachan & Co.

9. 9 www.kachan.com Freely distributable in original, unmodified form 11010011 Opportunities in air & environment include carbon sequestration, trading/offsets, emissions control technologies, bioremediation, recycling and waste technologies and monitoring A new cleantech taxonomy Air & environment Recycling & waste – Materials reclamation – New sorting technologies – Waste treatment – Waste management & other services Monitoring & compliance – Toxin detection – Software systems – Sensors & other measurement/testing hardware Carbon sequestration – Carbon capture & storage Geological Ocean Mineral Bio capture, incl. algae Co2 re-use – Geoengineering – Biochar – Forestry/agriculture Carbon trading/offsets – Software systems Emissions control – Sorbents & scrubbers – Biofiltration – Cartridge/electronic – Catalytic converters Bioremediation Source: Kachan & Co.

10. 10 www.kachan.com Freely distributable in original, unmodified form 11010011 Cleantech for industrial use spans packaging, design, materials, equipment efficiency, production and monitoring & compliance A new cleantech taxonomy Clean industry – Structural building material Cement Drywall Windows – Ceramics – Adhesives Equipment efficiency – Efficient motors – Heat pumps & exchangers – Controls Production – Construction/fabrication – Resource utilization – Process efficiency – Toxin/waste minimization Monitoring & compliance – Software systems – Automation – Sensors & other measurement/testing hardware Advanced packaging – Packing – Containers Design innovation – Biomimicry – Software Materials innovation – Nano Gels Powders Coatings Membranes – Bio Biopolymers Biodegradables Catalysts Timber reclamation – Glass Chemical Electronic PV – Chemical Composites Foils Coatings Source: Kachan & Co.

11. 11 www.kachan.com Freely distributable in original, unmodified form 11010011 Water opportunities lie in technologies for generation, treatment, transmission, efficiency and monitoring & compliance A new cleantech taxonomy Water Generation – Desalination – Air-to-water Treatment – Filtration – Purification – Contaminate detection – Waste treatment Transmission – Mains repair/improvement Efficiency – Recycling – Smart irrigation – Aeroponics/hydroponics – Water saving appliances Monitoring & compliance – Software systems – Sensors & other measurement/testing hardware Source: Kachan & Co.

12. 12 www.kachan.com Freely distributable in original, unmodified form 11010011 Clean technologies in agriculture are aimed at improving yields and quality of consumable food, and are further categorized under crop treatment, land management and aquaculture A new cleantech taxonomy Agriculture Crop treatment – Natural fertilizers – Natural pesticides/fungicides Land management – Erosion control – Sustainable forestry – Precision agriculture – Soil products/composting Aquaculture – Health & yield – Waste management – Containment Source: Kachan & Co.

13. 13 www.kachan.com Freely distributable in original, unmodified form 11010011 About Kachan & Co. Kachan & Co. is a boutique cleantech research and consulting firm that helps cleantech market participants profit from new opportunities, and help cleantech companies differentiate themselves and raise their profiles Principal Dallas Kachan is a leading cleantech analyst and author of 400+ cleantech articles and reports, and has been a respected cleantech presenter and editor since 2006 Contributors include recognizable cleantech analysts, thought leaders and expert writers in Silicon Valley, Toronto, Vancouver and London Frequently quoted in & relationships with global cleantech and business press, including: – ABC News, Associated Press, BBC News, Bloomberg, BusinessWeek, Canadian Business, Christian Science Monitor, CNBC, CNET, Forbes, MarketWatch, National Post, Red Herring, Reuters, San Francisco Chronicle, San Jose Mercury News, The New York Times, Treehugger, USA Today, Wall Street Journal, Wired, and more “[The report] should be required reading for anyone involved in cleantech.“ -Triple Pundit, November 30th, 2009 “Extremely knowledgeable, professional, and balanced. Highly respected.” -Albert Behr, CEO, Cavet Technologies (client), May 16, 2010 “Considered one of the trusted voices in the reality of the cleantech movement and not just a venture soapbox.” -Jon Bonanno, cleantech investment committee chairman, Keiretsu Forum “[The report] should be required reading for anyone involved in cleantech.“ -Triple Pundit, November 30th, 2009 “Extremely knowledgeable, professional, and balanced. Highly respected.” -Albert Behr, CEO, Cavet Technologies (client), May 16, 2010 “Considered one of the trusted voices in the reality of the cleantech movement and not just a venture soapbox.” -Jon Bonanno, cleantech investment committee chairman, Keiretsu Forum A new cleantech taxonomy

14. 14 www.kachan.com Freely distributable in original, unmodified form 11010011 Kachan & Co. services Market and vendor reports Total addressable market sizing Competitive assessments Economic (ROI, TCO) assessments Proposition testing Business plan assistance Corporate/product positioning Target segment validation, profiling Market infrastructure mapping Marketing program recommendations Market-centric product definition Marketing diagnostic Custom bespoke research Due diligence for investors Contact Kachan & Co. to learn how we can accelerate your returns in clean technology San Francisco | Toronto | Vancouver www.kachan.com +1 415 390-2080 info@kachan.com A new cleantech taxonomy