1. Conservation International biodiversity mapping initiatives Who are CABS-CI? Why map biodiversity? What initiatives exist?

2. Conservation International Founded: 1987 FY99 turnover: $85m Field programs: 30 countries worldwide Staff: >1,000 Mission: to conserve the Earth's living natural heritage, our global biodiversity, and to demonstrate that human societies are able to live harmoniously with nature

3. CI’s Field Programs

4. Center for Applied Biodiversity Science Established in 1999 with a dual mandate to: a) Supporting science in CI’s field programs b) Facilitate stronger interaction between science and conservation generally Mission: to strengthen our ability to respond rapidly, wisely and effectively to emerging threats to the Earth's biological diversity

5. Why map (surrogates of) biodiversity? a) Identifying and filling survey gaps b) Biogeography and macroecology c) Assessing representation and prioritization for conservation

6. Mapping museum specimens Points showing “area of occupancy” Undoubtedly the best biodiversity data: can always be degraded to coarser resolution, but not vice versa …but, expensive and time-consuming to collect and compile, causing errors of omission (false absences)

7. Identifying survey gaps: museums Reptiles of Sub-Saharan Africa (Biodiversity Foundation for Africa/Natural History Museum of Zimbabwe – Bulawayo) Reptiles of Melanesia and the Pacific (Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum – Honolulu) Birds of Colombia (Natural History Museum – London; Instituto de Ciencias Naturales & Instituto Alexander von Humboldt – Bogotá) Bats of PNG (Papua New Guinea National Museum and Art Gallery – Port Moresby) Plus: Threatened Birds of Asia (BirdLife International – Cambridge): see http://www.rdb.or.id

8. The distribution of Great Indian Bustard Ardeotis nigriceps From: Collar et al. (2001) Threatened Birds of Asia: the BirdLife International Red Data Book. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK

9. TERRESTRIAL RAP AQUARAP MARINE RAP Filling survey gaps: RAP

10. Inductive range modelling Overlay habitat maps to determine environmental envelope Extrapolate to surrounding areas within the envelope Errors of commission (false presences) beyond the extent of occurrence (due to role of history)

11. Why map (surrogates of) biodiversity? a) Identifying and filling survey gaps b) Biogeography and macroecology c) Assessing representation and prioritization for conservation

12. Mapping species’ ranges Polygons of “extent of occurrence” Largely restricted to birds and large mammals Easy to interpret, e.g., for field guides Errors of commission within the extent of occurrence

13. Computerizing species’ ranges Birds and mammals of the Americas (CABS- CI, ABI-TNC, WWF-US) Mammals of Asia (Univ. of Virginia) Birds and mammals of Melanesia (CABS-CI) Birds, mammals and amphibians of Africa (ZMUC, Univ. of Cambridge, Natural History Museum – London, CABS-CI)

14. Species richness in all African mammals, birds, snakes, and amphibians, mapped on a 1- degree grid From: Brooks et al. (in press) BioScience

15. Deductive range modelling Assign habitat preferences to each species Identify these suitable habitats on habitat map Cut suitable habitats by species’ extent of occurrence

16. Modelled distribution of South African Crested Porcupine Hystrix africaeaustralis From: Boitani et al. (1999) A Databank for the Conservation and Management of the African Mammals. Instituto Ecologia Applicata, Rome, Italy

17. Why map (surrogates of) biodiversity? a) Identifying and filling survey gaps b) Biogeography and macroecology c) Assessing representation and prioritization for conservation

18. Representation exercises Ecoregions (Olson & Dinerstein 1998) Include aquatic and marine Terrestrial vertebrates now listed by ecoregion Prioritization (“Global 200”)

19. Ecoregions of the Philippines From: Wikramanayake et al. (in press) Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a Conservation Assessment. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA

20. “Hotspots” of biodiversity Conservation prioritization Ecoregions w/ high endemism and threat >1,500 (0.5% global) plant endemism Endemism estimated, not listed Myers (1988, 1990), Mittermeier et al. (1998, 1999), Myers et al. (2000)

21. Hotspots From: Myers et al. (2000) Nature 403: 853-858)

22. Current “hotspots” efforts “Major Tropical Wilderness Areas”: high endemism but low threat 10 more “hotspots”: 1,000 + endemics Natural break in plant endemism appears to fall at 500-1,000 endemics Dynamism considering threat

23. Current “hotspots” efforts Pine-oak woodlands Middle Asian mountains Queensland wet tropics Melanesia Taiwan South-east China mountains Horn of Africa Ethiopian highlands Albertine Rift Maputaland-Pondoland

24. Other global prioritization exercises “Endemic Bird Areas”: ecoregions with 2 + bird species with ranges of <50,000 sq. km (Stattersfield et al. 1998) “Centers of Plant Diversity”: ecoregions and sites thought to be priorities for plant conservation (IUCN & WWF 1994, 1995, 1997)

25. Conservation Priority-Setting Workshops: increasing spatial resolution

26. Corridor planning: linking protected areas with “biodiversity-friendly” land use

27. Other regional prioritization exercises “Important Bird Areas”: sites holding threatened, restricted-range or biome endemic species, or unusual concentrations (BirdLife International) “Ecoregion-Based Conservation”: through specialist workshops (WWF)

28. Outstanding problems Data still incomplete at all levels Free, public, global access to data: the internet provides the mechanism Referencing and dating every “species- in-mapping-unit” record System for continuous data updates: quality vs quantity