1. Male Reproductive System
CHAPTER 16
Male Reproductive System

2. Male Reproductive System Overview
Functions of male reproductive system
Produce, sustain, and transport sperm
Propel sperm during sexual intercourse
Copulation
Produce testosterone

3. Male Reproductive Primary Organs
Testicles = male gonads
Small ovoid glands
Responsible for production of sperm
Seminiferous tubules
Responsible for secretion of testosterone
Scrotum
Sac located posterior to the penis
Suspended from the perineum
Houses the testicles

4. Male Reproductive Accessory Organs
Epididymis
Tightly coiled tubule that resembles a comma
Sperm mature in the epididymis, becoming fertile and motile
Mature sperm are stored in lower portion of epididymis

5. Male Reproductive Accessory Organs
Vas Deferens
Also called the ductus deferens
Straight tube continuous with the epididymis
Enlarges to form an sacklike dilation (ampulla) near prostate gland
Merges with the seminal vesicle to form ejaculatory duct

6. Male Reproductive Accessory Organs
Seminal vesicles
Secrete a thick, yellowish fluid known as seminal fluid
Constitutes a large part of the volume of the semen

7. Male Reproductive Accessory Organs
Prostate gland
Lies just below the urinary bladder
Surrounds the base of the urethra as it leaves the bladder
Transports thin, milky colored, alkaline secretions that enhance the motility of the sperm
Secretion also helps neutralize the secretions within the vagina
Muscular action of gland aids in expelling semen from the body

8. Male Reproductive Accessory Organs
Urethra
Serves both urinary system and male reproductive system
Transports urine from the bladder and semen when ejaculated, to the outside of the body
Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper’s Glands)
Secrete alkaline, mucous-like fluid that provides lubrication during sexual intercourse

9. Male Reproductive Accessory Organs
Penis
Male organ of copulation
Tip of penis called the glans penis
Prepuce or Foreskin
Retractable fold of skin that covers the glans penis
Urethra extends the length of the penis and ends as an opening at the tip of the glans penis
Opening is called the urinary meatus

10. PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
Male
Reproductive System

11. Anorchism Pronounced Defined (an-OR-kizm)
Absence of one or both testicles

12. Balanitis Pronounced Defined (bal-ah-NYE-tis)
Inflammation of glans penis and mucous membrane beneath it

13. Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
Pronounced
(bee-NYEN pross-TAT-ik high-PER-troh-fee)
Defined
Benign enlargement of prostate gland
Creates pressure on upper part of urethra or neck of the bladder, causing obstruction to flow of urine

14. Carcinoma of the Prostate
Pronounced
(car-sin-OH-mah of the PROSS-tayt)
Defined
Malignant growth within prostate gland
Creates pressure on upper part of urethra

15. Carcinoma of the Testes
Pronounced
(car-sin-OH-mah of the TESS-teez)
Defined
Malignant tumor of testicle that appears as a painless lump
Also called testicular cancer

16. Cryptorchidism Pronounced Defined (kript-OR-kid-izm)
Condition of undescended testicle(s)
Absence of one or both testicles from scrotum

17. Epispadias Pronounced Defined (ep-ih-SPAY-dee-as)
Congenital defect in which urethra opens on the upper side of the penis at some point near the glans

18. Hydrocele Pronounced Defined (high-DROH-seel)
Accumulation of fluid in any saclike cavity or duct
Particularly the scrotal sac or along the spermatic cord

19. Hypospadias Pronounced (high-poh-SPAY-dee-as) Defined
Congenital defect in which the urethra opens on the underside of the penis instead of at the end

20. Impotence Pronounced Defined (IM-poh-tens)
Inability of a male to achieve or sustain an erection of the penis

21. Inguinal Hernia Pronounced Defined (ING-gwih-nal HER-nee-ah)
Protrusion of a part of the intestine through a weakened spot in the muscles and membranes of inguinal region of the abdomen
Intestine pushes into, and sometimes fills, the entire scrotal sac in the male

22. Orchitis Pronounced Defined (or-KIGH-tis)
Inflammation of the testes due to a virus, bacterial infection, or injury
Condition may affect one or both testes
Typically results from the mumps virus

23. Phimosis Pronounced Defined (fih-MOH-sis)
Tightness of the foreskin (prepuce) of the penis that prevents it from being pulled back
Opening of the foreskin narrows due to the tightness and may cause some difficulty with urination

24. Premature Ejaculation
Pronounced
(premature ee-jak-yoo-LAY-shun)
Defined
Discharge of seminal fluid prior to complete erection of the penis or immediately after the penis has been introduced into the vaginal canal

25. Prostatitis Pronounced Defined (pross-tah-TYE-tis)
Inflammation of the prostate gland
May be acute or chronic
May be due to bacterial invasion

26. Varicocele Pronounced Defined (VAIR-ih-koh-seel)
Abnormal dilation of the veins of the spermatic cord leading to the testicle

27. SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES
Male and Female

28. AIDS Pronounced Defined (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)
Deadly virus that destroys the body’s immune system by invading the helper T lymphocytes (T cells)
T cells play an important part in the body’s immune response
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replicates itself within the T cells, destroys the lymphocyte, and then invades other lymphocytes

29. Chlamydia Pronounced Defined (klah-MID-ee-ah)
Sexually transmitted bacterial infection that causes inflammation of the cervix in women and inflammation of the urethra and the epididymis in men

30. Genital Herpes Pronounced Defined (JEN-ih-tal HER-peez)
Highly contagious viral infection of the male and female genitalia, caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV-2)
Also known as venereal herpes
Differs from other sexually transmitted diseases in that it can recur spontaneously once the virus has been acquired

31. Genital Warts Pronounced Defined (JEN-ih-tal warts)
Small, cauliflower-like, fleshy growths usually seen along the penis in the male and in or near the vagina in women
Caused by human papillomavirus (HPV)
Transmitted from person to person through sexual intercourse

32. Gonorrhea Pronounced Defined (gon-oh-REE-ah)
Sexually transmitted bacterial infection of the mucous membrane of the genital tract in men and women, caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Spread by sexual intercourse with an infected partner
Can be passed from infected mother to her infant during the birth process

33. Syphilis Pronounced Defined (SIF-ih-lis)
Sexually transmitted disease characterized by lesions that may involve any organ or tissue
Spread by sexual intercourse with an infected partner
If left untreated, disease passes through three stages, each with characteristic signs and symptoms

34. Syphilis Primary syphilis
Characterized by appearance of a small, painless, red pustule on the skin or mucous membrane
Known as a chancre
Develops on the penis of the male and the labia of the vagina in females
Appears within 10 days to a few weeks after exposure

35. Syphilis Secondary syphilis
Occurs approximately two months later if primary phase is left untreated
Dominant sign is non-itching rash on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet
May also experience headache, sore throat, fever, malaise, anorexia, and bone and joint pain

36. Syphilis Secondary syphilis
Disease is still contagious during second stage
Can be treated effectively with penicillin
Dormant period follows secondary stage
For 5 to 20 years before reappearing in its final stage

37. Syphilis Tertiary syphilis
Final and most serious stage of the untreated disease
By third stage, lesions have invaded body organs and systems
Lesions of tertiary syphilis are not reversible, do not respond to treatment with penicillin and can lead to life-threatening disorders of the brain, spinal cord, and heart

38. Syphilis
Primary Syphilis: Male

39. Trichomoniasis Pronounced Defined (trik-oh-moh-NYE-as-sis)
Sexually transmitted protozoal infection of the vagina, urethra, or prostate
Causative organism is Trichomonas vaginalis
Women will experience itching and burning, and a strong-smelling vaginal discharge that is greenish-yellow

40. DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES, TREATMENTS AND PROCEDURES
Male
Reproductive System

41. Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures
Castration
Surgical removal of the testicles in the male (or the ovaries in the female)
Known as an orchidectomy or orchiectomy in the male
Known as an oophorectomy in the female

42. Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures
Cystoscopy
Process of visualizing the urinary tract through a cystoscope that has been inserted in the urethra
Circumcision
Surgical procedure in which the foreskin (prepuce) of the penis is removed

43. Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures
Circumcision
Before
After procedure

44. Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures
FTA-ABS Test
Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody-Absorption Test
Serological test for syphilis (performed on blood serum)

45. Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures
Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP)
Radiographic procedure that provides visualization of the entire urinary tract
Contrast dye is injected intravenously and multiple x-ray films are taken as the medium is cleared from the blood by the glomerular filtration of the kidney
Also known as intravenous pyelography or excretory urogram

46. Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures
Orchidectomy
Surgical removal of a testicle
Also called orchiectomy
Orchidopexy
Surgical fixation of a testicle
Also called orchiopexy

47. Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures
Semen analysis
Assessment of a sample of semen for volume, viscosity, sperm count, sperm motility, and percentage of any abnormal sperm
Radical prostatectomy
Surgical removal of the entire prostate gland as a treatment for cancer
Suprapubic prostatectomy
Surgical removal of the prostate gland by making an incision into the abdominal wall, just above the pubis

48. Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures
Transurethral resection of the prostate (TUR or TURP)
Surgical removal of prostate gland by inserting a resectoscope through urethra and into bladder to remove small pieces of tissue from prostate

49. Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures
Vasectomy
Surgical cutting and tying of the vas deferens to prevent passage of sperm, consequently preventing pregnancy
Male sterilization

50. Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures
VDRL test
Serological test for syphilis widely used to test for primary and secondary syphilis
Performed on blood serum
VDRL = Venereal Disease Research Laboratory

51. Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures
Wet mount; Wet prep
Microscopic examination of fresh vaginal or male urethral secretions to test for presence of living organisms