1. Spanish-speaking South America
Chapter 10, Section 3

2. Vocabulary
Inca
Quechua
Mercosur

3. Human Perspective
In the early 1500s, Francisco Pizarro and his rag-tag army of some 200 soldiers attacked and conquered an Incan army of 10,000 and captured their emperor, Atahualpa. The Inca had already been weakened by internal strife and disease.
Thus began the Spanish adventure in South America.
Why did Pizarro defeat the Inca at Cajamarca and not the other way around?

4. Conquest and the End of Spanish Rule
Inca
Spanish rule
Forced labor
Spanish Religion and language
Seeking independence
Unfulfilled promise of democracy
The Inca were one of the great civilizations of the Americas and arose in the rugged Andes Mountains, extending from Ecuador to Chile and Argentina.
They slowly built up their empire from Cuzco out by integrating neighboring tribes.
Extended 2,500 miles.
The Spanish were primarily interested in Gold and Silver (El Dorado).
They forced the Indians, to whom they had bought rights from the King of Spain (even though laws were made to protect the natives, many landlords abused them and worked them to death), to work in mines and on farms and ranches.
Movement to large plantations disrupted and destroyed Inca families and contributed to difficulties in governance into the 20th century. (Easier to govern in-tact social structures).
Spanish culture was forced on the Inca. Spanish replaced Quechua and Catholicism replaced the Inca religion.
Inspired by the American (1776) and French (1789) revolutions, the people of South America successfully sought their independence from Spain. Simon Bolivar (Colombia, Venezuela, Bolivia, Ecuador) and Jose de San Martin (Argentina, Chile and Peru) led these efforts.
Argentina and Chile, the first because of distance from Lima. Others came however. Never unified because of Geographic distance and the intervening mountains and rainforests.
Oligarchy and military rule have characterized government in many of the countries of Latin America since independence. Bolivar died a dispirited man.
Strong militaries, underdeveloped economies and social class divisions still exist in the region today.

5. A Cultural Mosaic Isolation Literature Music Arts and Crafts
Due to its isolation after independence, the region evolved as a culturally complex mosaic.
The region has a strong literary heritage, especially in the latter part of the 20th century: Gabriel Garcia Marquez
Music Combines Indian, Spanish and African influences.
Pottery, textiles (using wool of Llamas and Alpacas) and glasswork are among the examples of craftwork and handmade items that can be found in the region.
What factors may have contributed
to the lack of democracy in the region?

6. Economics: Resources and Trade
Agriculture, minerals and oil
Variety:
Oil
Seafood
Tin, Zinc, Copper
Grain and livestock
Chilean success story
Based on agriculture and extraction of oil and minerals. There is a huge gap between rich and poor, reflecting an absence of true economic development.
Within the greater region, a huge variety of products are produced:
Venezuela and Colombia: oil
Peru and Ecuador: Seafood
Bolivia: Tin, zinc and copper.
Argentina: Grain and livestock
Uruguay: Agriculture
Paraguay: soybeans, cotton, animal hides
Chile has had significant success in the final twenty years of the 20th century:
Variety of products: Copper, fruit, vegetables
Looking to its members in Mercosur (As well as the USA )

7. Education and the Future
Education to attack challenges
High Literacy Rates
Chile’s system and history
The people of Spanish-speaking South America face many challenges: Education is key
Of the four sub-regions, it has the highest literacy rate (over 90%), with the rate for women equal to that for men—in Uruguay, even higher. And most countries have a developed education system that includes universities.
Chile’s rate of literacy is 95%, even higher for the young (15-to-19, 98%).
Free from ages 6 to 13
Higher education suffered due to political unrest. The military that overthrew the Allende government in 1973, undermined higher education. Since Pinochet’s departure, conditions have improved.

8. 7. Whose Empire did Pizzaro conquer in the 1500s. a. the Aztecs b
7. Whose Empire did Pizzaro conquer in the 1500s? a. the Aztecs b. the Inkadinkadoos c. the Maya d. the Inca

9. 8. Why was Simon Bolivar discouraged by the end of his life. a
8. Why was Simon Bolivar discouraged by the end of his life? a. He only had one country named after him. b. He had failed to achieve independence from Spain c. Instead of democracy, most of the new countries were governed as oligarchies and military dictatorships. d. He wasn’t. He died happy and rich on the Gold Coast of Spain.

10. 9. Which country seems to show the greatest potential for economic development in the Region? a. Bolivia b. Venezuela c. Paraguay d. Chile