1. Particle and Fluoride Pre-Filter for B9 Plastics Dan Charles – Chemical Engineer John Markidis – Mechanical Engineering Israel Powell – Chemical Engineering An Vu – Chemical Engineering

2. The main goal of this project is to develop a pre-filtration system to reduce turbidity and fluoride levels of water - before it enters the BWM. Objective

3. Customer Needs Customer Needs And Objectives CN1 The filter is inexpensive CN2 The filter improves UV transmission CN3 The filter removes particles CN4 The filter removes fluoride CN5 The filter can be used for 6000 hours without replacement CN6 The filter requires no consumables for operation with the exception of very cheap and locally available materials like salt or soap, for example CN7 The filter is easy to clean/recharge CN8 The filter does not negatively change the taste of the water CN9 The filter is safe to use (no release of hazardous materials) CN10 The filter has a flow rate of at least 2 lpm using gravity feed CN11 The filter has a minimal start up period CN12 The filter is lightweight for transport

4. Specifications Specification NumberSpecificationDirectionUnitsMarginalIdealPass / Fail S1Production Costmin$<20<10 S2 Maintenance costs per 1000 L water treated min$1/1000L<2<1 S3 Reduction of particles >5u max%5075 S4Reduction of turbiditymax%5075 S5Reduction of TSSmax%5075 S6Reduction of Fluoridemax%5070 S7Estimated filter lifemaxhrs 6000 S8Consumable partsmin locally available and cheap none S9 Time to disassemble and reassemble housing Minmin<30<15 S10Time to recharge mediaMinhrs<8<4 S11 Number of tools required to dis/assemble Min 21 S12 recharge materials are common household items noyes S13 % of people who say the water tastes the same or better max%>50>75 S14 Release of dangerous chemicals/materials into the water Min no S15 Maxium Force Needed to Filter maxN<250<100 S17Weight for shippingminkg<20<10 S18 Rate of Water Processed minL/min>2>4

5. Functional Decomposition Reduce Drinking Water Contamination Guide Water FlowAccept Water Remove Particles Discharge Filtered Water Remove Fluorine Guide Water Between System Modules Collect Filtered Water Provide Necessary Head Support Functional Loads of the System Connect to BWM House Particle Removal System House Fluoride Removal System

6. System Architecture

7. System

8. Model

10. Prototype

11. Cost Analysis Cost of 1 Unitc PartCost (US Dollars) 2 Rings4 2 Handles8 Bucket5 Mesh2.5 Bolts/Srews0.5 Rubber Gasket2 Total Cost22

12. Testing Data

13. Turbidity Sample 1 (River Water) UnfilteredFiltered TrialTurbidity (NTU)TrialTurbidity (NTU) 131.714.11 226.923.48 325.834.11 Average28.13Average3.90 Average Percent Reduction86.14% Sample 2 (Pond Water) UnfilteredFiltered TrialTurbidity (NTU)TrialTurbidity (NTU) 120.916.01 226.326.17 322.136.10 Average23.10Average6.09 Average Percent Reduction73.62%

14. Total Suspended Solids Total Suspended Solids (River Water) Unfiltered Trial Initial Weight (mg) Final Weight (mg) TSS (mg/10mL) TSS (mg/L) 1258.5263.85.3530 2258.1263.85.7570 3263.2269.05.8580 Filtered Trial Initial Weight (mg) Final Weight (mg) TSS (mg/10mL) TSS (mg/L) 1257.1261.14400 2253.9258.04.1410 3273.3277.23.9390 Average Percent Reduction28.6%

15. Total Suspended Solids Total Suspended Solids (Pond Water) Unfiltered Trial Initial Weight (mg) Final Weight (mg) TSS (mg/10mL) TSS (mg/L) 1270.2277.87.6760 2423.1431.18.0800 3252.9261.08.1810 Filtered Trial Initial Weight (mg) Final Weight (mg) TSS (mg/10mL) TSS (mg/L) 1272.7278.96.2620 2262.9268.65.7570 3256.8263.56.7670 Average Percent Reduction21.5%

16. Fluoride Adsorption Bone Char Fluoride Adsorption Sample NaF Concentration (mg/L) Bone Char (mg) Dilution Concentration (mg/L) F - Concentration (mg/L) F - Removed (mg) mg F - Removed Per g Bone Char 154.8267.7201.0120.20.2280.852 254.8147201.1322.60.0840.571 354.870.1201.0621.20.1682.397 454.80201.2024 5102.0539.1401.1847.20.4080.757 6102.0271.6401.0341.20.7682.828 7102.0132.2401.2248.80.3122.360 8102.00401.3554 Average Sorption1.627

17. Results

19. Particle Removal Reduction of turbidity was much greater than that of total suspended solids, due to the fact that larger particles have a much greater effect on turbidity than smaller particles. For our objective, turbidity is a more relevant specification. Turbidity is a measure of light scattering, therefore the higher turbidity the greater amount of UV light that would be blocked. The goal for turbidity was achieved and surpassed during testing.

20. Fluoride Adsorption The adsorption of fluoride ions onto bone char has been widely studied Conclusions have been made both for and against using bone char to remove fluoride from water Our results were erratic but did consistently show fluoride was removed from the water

21. Bone Char Based Bucket Defluoridator in Tanzanian Households 2 Months of Operation 32.5 L/day were treated Average pH 8.56 Sorption 1.1 (mg F-)/(g Bone Char) $10 per unit

22. Bone Char Based Bucket Defluoridator in Tanzanian Households

23. Improvements

24. Improvements Straight-walled bucket o Companies had minimum order restrictions o Not sold locally Better support for handles o Extruded shells on rings to hold base of handles o Original handle base supports built into CAD files Vs.

25. In extreme cases of turbidity, pre-filtering with a t- shirt is recommended Improve device function: Large amount of suction created makes filter difficult to pull out from bucket Provide lid for handle support and keeping filter levelImprovements

26. Were not able to buy the mesh from China o Mesh we purchased took up roughly 1/3 of our budget Gaskets were hand cut >5micron particle test o When drying the filter paper, weighed less than initial weight Fluoride test strips required acidifying the sample to a 0.5 pH using concentrated hydrochloric acid MSD II Obstacles

27. Thank You