1. PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES WITH AGING

2. Senescence
…all postmaturational changes and the increasing vulnerability individuals face as a result of these changes.
The group of effects that lead to a decreasing expectation of life with increasing age

3. Sencescence, cont’d Differs from other biological processes:
Its characteristics are universal
Changes come from within the individual
Associated processes occur gradually
Changes have a deleterious effect on the invidual

4. Ultimately…You Die. U.S. Death Rates:
Leading cause among OA’s--heart disease
Higher for older men than for older women
Higher for African Americans than whites

5. Age-Related Physiological Changes
…all people age, but not at the same rate

6. At age 75, the average person, compared to age 30:
92% of brain weight
84% of basal metabolism
70% kidney filtration rate
43% of maximul breathing capacity
We are not the people we once were!

7. CHANGES IN THE SKIN
“To most people, the condition of the skin, hair, and connective tissue collectively represents the ultimate indicator of age”. (Kart & Kinney, p. 74)

8. SKIN: Wrinkling
Muscles of the face are capable of tremendous movement. “Smiles, laughter, frowns, disappointment, ager, rage, and surprise are all recorded. The hand of time captures these expressions and outlines them on the face….By the age of 40, most people bear the typical lines of their expressions.” (Kart & Kinney, p. 75)

9. SKIN--Wrinkling: Loss of subcutaneous fat
> vulnerability to pressure sores
less insulation of body to cold (also affected by diminished blood flow to skin & extremities) & heat

10. SKIN & NAILS Atrophic changes in sweat glands
Thickened fingernails & toenails
Generalized loss of body hair and head hair
Decrease in # of functioning pigment-producing cells-->graying
Some remaining pigment cells enlarge--> “age spots”
Skin changes increase. vulnerability to infections/disorders

11. SKELETOMUSCULAR SYSTEM CHANGES
“Arthritis & allied bone and muscular conditions are among the most common of all disorders afffecting people 65 years of age and over.” (Kart & Kinney, p. 76)
Arthritis: A generic term that refers to an inflammation or degenerative change in a joint
Occurs world wide & is one of the oldest known diseases

12. ARTHRITIS Osteoarthritis Cause not known
Also referred to as degenerative joint disease
A gradual wearing away of joint cartilage that results in the exposure of rough underlying bone ends
Can do damage to internal ligaments
Most commonly associated w/ weight bearing jnts

13. Rheumatoid Arthritis
A chronic, systemic, inflammatory disease of connective tissue
2-3 times more common among women than men
currently viewed as an autoimmune disease
may occur at any age -- most common onset between 20 & 50

14. Musculoskeltal, cont’d:
Osteopenia --> Osteoporosis:
Gradual loss of bone that reduces skeltal mass without disrupting the proportions of minerals & organic materials
For many, it is asymptomatic
Bones most critically involved: vertebra, wrist, hip

15. Musculoskeletal, cont’d:
Sarcopenia:
Loss of muscle mass that occurs with aging
Cause not completely understood
Preventable/reversible with regular physical activity

16. GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
Atophy of secretion mechanisms
Decreasing motility of the gut
Loss of strength/tone of muscular tissue & supporting structures
Changes in neurosensory feedback
Enzyme & hormone release
Innervation of the tract
Diminished response to pain & internal sensations

17. The phenomenon of referral is common in the GI--I. e
The phenomenon of referral is common in the GI--I.e. signs & symptoms often associated with one part of the tract may actually be associated with another part of the tract. “Discomfort perceived as originating in the stomach may actually be coming from the lower GI tract.” (p. 79)
The GI symptoms often have their origins in psychosocial factors

18. CARDOPULMONARY SYSTEM
In the absence of disease, the heart tends to maintain its size
Heart valves tend to increase in thickness with age
BP tends to go up with age
Systolic stabilizes at about age 75
Diastolic stabilizes at about 65 then may gradually decline

19. Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Developed by an overwhelming # of people in industrialized nations
A narrowing of arterial passageways as a result of the development of plaques on their interior walls
Reduces the size of the passageway--even to the pt of closing it off. A cause of ischemic heart tissue (tissue deprived of adequate blood supply)

20. Arteriosclerosis:
A generic term referring to the loss of elasticity of arterial walls
Often referred to as “hardening of the arteries”
Considered a general aging phenomenon

21. Respiratory Changes
Airways & tissues become less elastic & more rigid with age
Osteoporosis may alter the size/shape of the chest cavity
Power of respiratory & abdominal muscles becomes reduced--hinders diaphramatic movement

22. URINARY SYSTEM
“The bladder of an elderly person has a capacity of less than half (250ml) that of a young adult (600 ml) and often contains as much as 100 ml of residual urine”. (p. 81)
Micturation reflex is delayed-- usually activated when bladder is half full; in OAs, not until bladder is nearly at capacity

23. GENITAL SYSTEM CHANGES
“The genital system is characterized by a number of age-related changes in physiology and anatomy. On the whole, very few age-specific disorders are associated with this body system. With the exception of declining levels of testosterone, most of the problems of sexuality and aging are sociogenic or psychogenic”. (p. 83)

24. Female genital tract External genitalia Folds become less pronounced
Skin becomes thinner
Vasculariy & elasticity decrease
Becomes more susceptible to tissue trauma & itching
# of glands decreas, as does level of secretion

25. Internatal reproductive organs
Uterus decreases in size & becomes more fibrous
Uterus has fewer endometrial glands
Cervix reduced in size
Uterine tubes become thinner
Ovaries take on an irreguar shape
Ovulation stops--menopause (50% between ages 45 and 50)

26. Male Genital System
Continues to produce germ cells (sperm) and sex hormones (testosterone) well into old age, declining with advancing age
Size & firmness of the testes decrease
Reduced sperm production due to age-related fibrosis which constricts the blood supply
Fibrosis may also affect the penis since erection is a purely vascular phenomenon

27. …AND ON THAT HAPPY NOTE, WE MOVE ON
… What are the various theoretical explanations for the CHANGES OF AGING?