1. Oil Pollution and Compensation an overview of oil the international oil spill compensation regimes Tim Wilkins Regional Manager Asia-Pacific Environmental Manager Image Source: OSRL/EARL

2. “Those effected by spills of persistent crude oil and fuel oil from tankers now benefit from a uniquely successful compensation regime” (ITOPF 2007)

3. Torrey Canyon (1967) Image Source: the Living Memory Association 121,000 tonnes of Kuwaiti crude oil spilled Coasts UK and France affected No International Convention Limited Compensation paid 121,000 tonnes of Kuwaiti crude oil spilled Coasts UK and France affected No International Convention Limited Compensation paid

4. Swift and effective compensation aimed at protecting the victims of oil pollution 1. The Three Layers of International Compensation – The Regimes 2. Claims processes

5. Three Levels of Compensation (1) Civil Liability Convention Fund Convention Tanker OwnerInsurance (P&I Clubs) Supplementary Convention IOPC Fund Oil Cargo Receivers IOPC Fund Oil Cargo Receivers Primary Layer of Compensation Supplementary Layer of Compensation

6. Three Levels of Compensation (2) Primary Layer of Compensation The International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (1992 CLC) Registered tanker owner –adequate financial security required (oil pollution insurance through P&I club) –amount determined by the gross tonnage of the tanker –claims brought against the insurer not the tanker owner Strict Liability –liable in the absence of fault (few exceptions) –pay compensation for oil spill damage and clean-up in the EEZ of the effected state –overall objective to benefit victims of oil spill

7. Three Levels of Compensation (3) Primary Layer of Compensation The International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (1992 CLC) Limitation of liability –e.g. ships below 5,000gt USD7mill ships above 140,000gt USD137million –can be lost if if damage resulted from personal act or omission of owner done with intent or recklessly and with knowledge that damage would occur Key points –International –Simplicity –90% of claims paid by owners irrespective of fault

8. Three Levels of Compensation (4) Civil Liability Convention Fund Convention Tanker OwnerInsurance (P&I Clubs) Supplementary Convention IOPC Fund Oil Cargo Receivers IOPC Fund Oil Cargo Receivers Primary Layer of Compensation Supplementary Layer of Compensation

9. Three Levels of Compensation (5) Supplementary Layer of Compensation The International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage (1992 Fund) And provides and additional level of compensation for victims Operates if: –claims exceed tanker owner’s limit of liability (1992 CLC) –if tanker owner is exempt from liability under 1992 CLC (war etc.) –tanker owner unable to meet the claims Funded by Oil receivers (crude oil and heavy fuel oil by sea) –oil companies and other entities located in oil receiving states who are a party to the 1992 Fund

10. Three Levels of Compensation (6) USD Millions 306 135 140,000 GT Compensation Limits 1992 Fund 1992 CLC 5 GT

11. Three Levels of Compensation (7) Civil Liability Convention Fund Convention Tanker OwnerInsurance (P&I Clubs) Supplementary Convention IOPC Fund Oil Cargo Receivers IOPC Fund Oil Cargo Receivers Primary Layer of Compensation Supplementary Layer of Compensation

12. Three Levels of Compensation (8) Source: ITOPF 2006

13. Three Levels of Compensation (9) Supplementary Layer of Compensation International Oil Pollution Compensation Supplementary Fund 2003 (Supplementary Fund) Concerns by states that the levels of compensation in first two tiers may be insufficient to cover all valid claims arising from a major tanker accident Similar finance arrangement as 1992 Fund for oil receivers (1 million tonnes pa minimum) Entry into force 3 March 2005

14. Three Levels of Compensation (10) USD Millions 1,132 306 135 140 GT x 1,000 Compensation Limits Supplementary Fund 1992 Fund 1992 CLC 5

15. Claims (1) Admissible Claims Assessed by P&I Clubs and 1992 Fund (expertise drawn in from likes of the International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation - ITOPF) Admissible = Pollution Damage or Preventive Measures 1.Preventive Measures (clean-up) 2.Damage to property 3.Economic loss 4.Reinstatement/restoration of impaired environments

16. Admissible Claims 1.Preventive Measures (clean-up) Removing oil from a damaged/sunken tanker Preventing oil from reaching sensitive areas Clean-up costs at sea and on the coast/shoreline Disposal costs of recovered oil/debris ‘Reasonable cost’ qualification Technical assessment at time of incident Regardless of result of measure No hindsight assessment 2.Damage to property Contaminated fishing gear, mariculture, yachts, industrial installations, ports, terminals etc. Replacement possible Claims (2)

17. Claims (3) Admissible Claims 1.Economic loss Fishing activity Tourism ‘Consequential’ and ‘Pure economic’ losses 1.Contaminated fishing gear prevents fishing (consequential) 2.Oil in fishing areas prevents fisherman from working (pure economic) 2.Reinstatement/restoration of impaired environments Technically feasible measures Enhancement of natural recovery Reasonable/Proportionate to expected results of measures

18. Other Regimes International 1.Bunker Spills Convention 2.HNS Convention 3.OPRC Convention (OPRC-HNS) Regional/National 1.OPA 90 (USA) 2.SOPF (Canada)

19. Further reading and information ITOPF –ITOPF Handbook 2007/2008 –www.itopf.comwww.itopf.com IOPC Fund –IOPC Fund Annual Report 2006 –www.iopcfund.orgwww.iopcfund.org

20. Time for coffee…